Buccal insulin absorption

Aungst BJ, Rogers NJ (1988a) Site dependence of absorption-promoting actions of laureth-9, Na salicylate, Na2EDTA, and aprotinin on rectal, nasal, and buccal insulin delivery. Pharm Res 5 305-308... 

Developments in the administration of insulin through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the lung have been reviewed (183). Methods of absorption other than subcutaneous, such as nasal insulin, buccal insulin, rectal insulin, and insulin in enteric-coated capsules, are still experimental. A problem in nasal administration is still how to get a daily reproducible dose (184). The frequency of hypoglycemia is comparable to the frequency with subcutaneous insulin (185). Nasal irritation, sometimes with congestion, and dyspnea (186) can occur. Pulmonary insulin, delivered by aerosol inhalation, is another experimental method. No lung obstruction was reported, but the uptake varied considerably (187). 

Aungst, B., and N. Rogers. 1989. Comparison of the effects of various transmucosal absorption promoters on buccal insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 53 227. 

BJ Aungst, NJ Rogers, E Shefter. (1988). Comparison of nasal, rectal, buccal, sublingual, and intramuscular insulin efficacy and the effects of a bile salt absorption promoter. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 244 23-27. 

Oh CK, Ritschel WA (1990) Biopharmaceutic aspects of buccal absorption of insulin. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 12 205-212... 

Zhang J, Niu S, McJames S, Stanley T (1991a) Buccal absorption of insulin in an in vivo dog model—evidence of mucosal storage. Pharm Res 8 S—155... 

Currently, most strategies for buccal delivery of peptide drugs have focused on the application of excipients that would shorten the time of absorption and adhere drugs to a local site on the mucosa, thus decreasing exposure to proteolytic degradation and possible release of drug back into the mouth cavity. This strategy has been utilized in the buccal delivery of insulin, enkephalin, and testosterone [37, 70]. 

In an effort to develop an effective bioadhesive system for buccal administration, insulin was encapsulated into polyacrylamide nanoparticles by the emulsion solvent evaporation method [98]. Though nanoparticle formation ensures even distribution of the drug, pelleting of the nanoparticles was performed to obtain three-dimensional structural conformity. In addition, it was hypothetized that the pelletized particles will remain adhered to the mucosa, leading to good absorption. While studying bioadhesion and drug release profiles, it was found that the... 

Oh, C.K., and W.A. Ritschel. 1990. Absorption characteristics of insulin through the buccal mucosa. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 12 275. 

Buccal absorption of insulin in the dog. Res. Commun. 87. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1989, 63, 53-67. 

P. Modi patented a mixed micellar for administering insulin to the buccal mucosa using a metered dose inhaler.52 The formulation includes a micellar proteinic pharmaceutical agent, lauryl sulphate, salicylate, edetate, and at least one absorption-enhancing compound such as lecithin, hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or glycerin. 

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