Back-up drug

Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist with a variegated pattern of usage. Given parenter-ally as an emetic agent to aid elimination of orally ingested poisons, it is not without hazards (hypotension, respiratory depression). In akinetic motor disturbances, it is a back-up drug. Taken orally, it supposedly is beneficial in erectile dysfunction. 

Table IV-1-2 summarizes the drugs of choice and the back-up drugs available to treat each of the j several types of seizures. j...

Lithium, the mainstay for bipolar disorder treatment, often needs supplementation with antidepressant j and/or sedative drugs. The uses, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects of lithium therapy as well j as back-up drugs used for treatment of bipolar disorder are considered. I... 

Back-up drugs hydroxychloroquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (self-Rx). 

Prophylaxis mefloquine back-up drugs doxycycline, atoraquone-proquanil... 

Only those syntheses merit development that offer patentable novelty as chemical processes and that furnish an important product. At the outset of development, and at its conclusion, the structure and properties of the final product are already known. It possesses the desired therapeutic effect in an animal model of the human disease and the potential to serve an existing market. Development efforts are not devoted to improving the biological profile of a clinical candidate by finding a successor or a back-up drug. 

Resistance emerges rapidly when rifampin is used as a single agent in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is an effective prophylactic and is used as a back-up drug to INH to prevent tuberculosis. However, when rifampin is used to treat the meningococcal carrier state, up to 10% of treated carriers may harbor rifampin-resistant organisms. The answer is (D). 

Nexium (esomeprazole magnesium, AstraZeneca) is a drug termed as a proton pump inhibitor. It turns off the secretions of acid into the stomach. When less acid is produced, there is a reduced amount of acid that can flow back up from the stomach into the esophagus to cause reflux symptoms. 

Meets minimum acceptable profile (MAP) Does not have the desired effect and does not meet MAP Has desired effect but does not meet MAP Progress the drug into full development Terminate the project Bring forward back-up compounds. May be suitable to use as probe in man to evaluate basis for drug action or to develop methodology to be apphed to back-up compounds... 

Like Prozac and Paxil, MDMA also increases serotonin levels in the brain. The similarities end there, however. Doctor-prescribed anti-depressants are both safe and effective. Ecstasy is definitely not safe, and after the first use, becomes less safe and less effective. The primary effect of MDMA in the brain is to increase greatly the amount of serotonin in the brain s synapses (the areas in between two brain cells where signaling takes place). MDMA does this by interfering with the neurons ability to remove serotonin from the synapse after it is released (Figure 2.2). When serotonin is released normally, under drug free conditions, it stimulates the receiving neuron and is quickly taken back up into the neuron that released it in the... 

It did appear that a classic switch to alcohol from drugs had occurred, and it also became apparent that Sandra had wanted to be seen to be reducing her methadone as well as giving clean urine samples, to look better for the social services. It was explained that this was very probably inadvisable, and that there was every chance that her drinking would simply increase with reductions in methadone, and titration back up to her previous maintenance dosage was advised. We felt it very important to explain our reasons for this to social services in the reports we provided, and it was accepted all round that by far the... 

One may also prefer the models that align similar molecules (e.g. with the same scaffold) in the same orientation to be in line with one of the fundamental assumptions of pharmacophore modeling, which states that similar compounds have analogous binding modes. Despite rare counterexamples, drug discoveries in modern history have more than backed up this assumption. 

---