Broke treatment

Aluminium species (alum, polyaluminium chloride, polyaluminium silica sulphate, etc.) used for charge control, pH control, as sizing mordants, broke treatment. Synthetic coagulants, fixatives (polyamines, polydadmacs, polyethyleneimines polyvinylamines) used for charge control, as sizing mordants, broke treatment, stickies treatment. 

Broke - variations in broke type and broke levels are one of the biggest recurring causes of variation in wet-end chemistry. Broke type can vary due to whether it is before or after a size press or coater, whether it is single-side-coated or doubleside-coated, which recipe of coating mix has been used, etc. Broke treatment to reduce the impact of charge and/or white pitch is always recommended, preferably linked to in-line charge or less preferably, broke flow. 

Broke is an important stock source and occurs on a continuous basis as trims from the wire as wet broke and from the winders as dry broke. It can also occasionally occur as reel slab-offs, in the finishing room or during breaks in the paper machine or coating equipment. Usually all broke is fed back to the process in the approach flow system. Broke treatment starts with slushing in different pulpers. These pulpers are installed under the machine and dimensioned according to the... 

First the various furnish components (e. g. fiber stock and fillers) including stock from fiber recovery and broke treatment systems are metered and mixed in the desired proportions. Apart from the required solids ratio of the individual components, constant total stock consistency which usually lies in the range of 3 to 4% must be ensured. Therefore a constant consistency of each stock component is an... 

The recovery of fiber from broke (off-specification paper or trim produced in the paper mill) is compHcated by high levels of urea—formaldehyde and melamine—formaldehyde wet-strength resin. The urea resins present a lesser problem than the melamine resins because they cure slower and are not as resistant to hydrolysis. Broke from either resin treatment may be reclaimed by hot acidic repulping. Even the melamine resin is hydrolyzed rapidly under acidic conditions at high temperature. The cellulose is far more resistant and is not harmed if the acid is neutralized as soon as repulping is complete. 

The cellulose fiber in paper is attacked and weakened by sulfur dioxide. Paper made before about 1750 is not significantly affected by sulfur dioxide (11). At about that time, the manufacture of paper changed to a chemical treatment process that broke down the wood fiber more rapidly. It is thought that this process introduces trace quantities of metals, which catalyze the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric add. Sulfuric acid causes the paper to become brittle and more subject to cracking and tearing. New papers have become available to minimize the interaction with SO2. 

Surface sizing with cationic starches offers the added property of substantivity to the cellulose fiber. Most mills will use broke in their furnish. Repulping of broke that previously had a starch treatment can mean loss of the starch to the mill effluent and subsequent BOD treatment. Cationic surface sizes are substantive to the fibers and are not lost to the effluent. Thus pollution problems are minimized. 

Strangely enough, the 1969 hre was not the hrst to have struck the Cuyahoga. Previous such events had occurred as far back as 1936, when one hre caused more than 1 million in damage to bridges and riverside facilities. The difference in 1969 was that governmental officials and ordinary citizens had become more aware of environmental problems that had become part of their everyday lives. Indeed, the city of Cleveland was already in the midst of a 100 million effort to clean up the river and its water treatment facilities when the Cuyahoga hre broke out. 

This brilliant career ran into WWII. Gurney was in Norway when war broke out, and return to England was not practical. Much of the war was spent in Russia and when Gurney finally reached the United States (traveling eastward), he fell under the suspicion of American authorities had he perhaps been infected with Communism His tragic end took place on a New York street in 1953, in collapse from a heart attack, brought on, it has been said, by the overzealous treatment he had received from U.S. immigration officials. 

At a certain moment my health deteriorated very quickly and I broke down. Doctors still had no clue but they did see that I was very ill. The only way out was a treatment in the Environmental Health Center in Dallas with Dr. Rea. There they were able to ascertain serious damage to my immune and nervous systems. Tests also confirmed that I react strongly to various everyday chemical substances, numerous nutrients, molds, pollen, medicines, et cetera. Staying in the clinic was tough. There wasn t a single food item that I could endure without side effects. Many chemicals incited strong reactions and I often became unconscious. Many times I was hooked up to oxygen and an IV. 

H2SO4. Inherent viscosities as shown in Table IV are low, being less than 0.5 dl/g., indicating low molecular weight. While films could be prepared from the poly (amic adds), which were converted to polyimides on heat treatment (200-250°C for several hours), they were very brittle and broke on handling. This is not surprising in view of the low inherent viscosity (<0.5) for these polymers. Wallach (9) has reported that polyimides with inherent viscosities of less than 1.0 have negligible physical property levels. 

Term 1973, but these had to be discontinued when his health broke down in the November of that year, and this last course was in fact completed by one of the present authors (R.B.M.). This lecture series, though quite extensive in its content and by no means superficial in its treatment, was tailor-made for its undergraduate recipients, the only mathematics assumed (mainly a rudimentary knowledge of the theory of matrices and linear equations) being taught in the first-year Mathematics for Chemists course at Oxford. 

Unfortunately, 40% of all the production wells in areas selected for steam treatment broke down for different reasons. This failure made it difficult to carry out some of the planned technological tests. Although several of these wells were put back into operation, they were not properly located to enable effective control of the steaming process for the field as a whole. 

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