BROAD PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION

The dehydration reactions initiated by eliminating a hydroxyl group from an enediol are discussed in the present article. The products (usually dicarbonyl compounds) of these eliminations are normally transient intermediates, and undergo further reaction. The final products formed are determined by the carbohydrate reacting, the conditions of reaction, and the character of the medium. Except for a Section on analytical methods (see p. 218), the subject matter is restricted to aqueous acids and bases. The presence of compounds other than the carbohydrate under study has only been considered where it has helped to elucidate the mechanism involved. The approach here is critical and interpretative, with emphasis on mechanism. An attempt has been made to demonstrate how similar reactions can logically lead to the various products from different carbohydrates a number of speculative mechanisms are proposed. It is hoped that this treatment will emphasize the broad functions of these reactions, an importance that is not fully recognized. No claim is made for a complete coverage of the literature instead, discussion of results in the articles that best illustrate the principles involved has been included. 

There is probably no other concept that contributed to the development of chemistry so remarkably as the ill-defined, qualitative concept of similarity. Not despite but rather because of a certain fuzziness, the applicability of this concept is extremely broad and touches practically all areas of chemistry [1, 2]. An example would be the Mendeleev periodic law, the disclosure of which was closely connected with the effort to systematise the similarities in the properties of elements. From the intuitively interpreted meaning of similarity arises also one of the most powerful chemical principles - the principle of analogy, on the basis of which a wealth of fundamental chemical notions were introduced. 

To this end, we review the physics of high temperature fused salts and draw on observations made in these systems to understand the microscopic structure of ionic liquids. We also review some physics of glass-forming liquids, focusing on concepts necessary to understand structural and dynamic inhomogeneity in ILs. We provide a broad review of attempts to characterize ILs empirically, and discuss those results with reference to simulation and theoretical studies. The overall objective of this study is to develop a conceptual toolbox that can be used to interpret experimental results in ILs and help identify useful new questions for the field. To this end, we present a series of principles describing the nature of solvation in ionic liquids at the conclusion of this chapter. 

The non-descriptness of sustainable development as a guiding principle can be perceived as a lack sustainability can be discounted as an empty formula, even a container term. Conversely, it may also be seen as an opportunity, even a precondition, to fulfil its function. The different interpretations to which this guiding principle lends itself give it a broad range of points to tie in with. The term s lacking precision, its non-descriptness, can make for a highly creative, diverse, yet dynamic field, which is oriented to a given direction. In open societies, open notions are likely to meet with an echo, and this... 

In undertaking this project we wanted to write a book that described the underlying principles of the various thermal analysis techniques in a way that could be easily understood by those new to the field but sufficiently comprehensive to be of value to the experienced thermal analyst looking to refresh his or her skills. We also wanted to describe the practical aspects of thermal analysis, for example, how to make proper measurements and how best to analyze and interpret the data. We wrote this book with a broad audience in mind, including all levels of thermal analysts, their supervisors, and those that teach thermal analysis. Our purpose was to create a learning tool for the practioner of thermal analysis. 

Forensic science can be broadly defined as the application of science to law. It is more commonly applied to those laws (criminal and civil) that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system. Specifically, it is the application of the principles of chemistry and related sciences to the examination of physical evidence collected at the scene of a crime, and the interpretation of the results of that examination in a court of law by an expert. 

There are three broad versions of Fermi liquid models in the literature, each is applicable for specific problems. The one-band model has provided the first understanding of the low-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties. The interpretation of inelastic neutron scattering data requires a two-band hybridization model. The band model based on the local-density functional approximation is by far the most elaborate noninteracting Fermi fluid model. We will discuss only the basic principle of this approach because the details appear elsewhere in this volume. 

An example of how information from fragmentation patterns can be used to solve structural problems is given in Worked Example 12.1. This example is a simple one, but the principles used are broadly applicable for organic structure determination by mass spectrometry. We ll see in the next section and in later chapters that specific functional groups, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and amines, show specific kinds of mass spectral fragmentations that can be interpreted to provide structural information. 

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