British Columbia Hydrogen

Ballard Power Systems, in conjunction with the province of British Columbia and the government of Canada, have converted a diesel bus for Vancouver, B.C. Transit (43). This 9.1-m vehicle is powered by a 105-kW fuel cell. Gaseous hydrogen, stored on board the bus in DOT-approved glass-wound composite cylinders operating at 20.7 MPa (3000 psi), provides the necessary fuel requited for the 150-km projected vehicle range. 

British Columbia, and three at the U.S. Army Ordinance Works operated by the DuPont Company at Morgantown, West Virginia Cluldersburg, Alabama and Dana, Indiana. The plant at Trail used chemical exchange between hydrogen gas and steam for the initial isotope separation followed by electrolysis for final concentration. The three plants in the United States used vacuum distillation of water for the initial separation followed by electrolysis. Details of these plants and their operations may be found in the Hterature (10). 

Recently, the major activity in transportation fuel cell development has focused on the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). In 1993, Ballard Power Systems (Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) demonstrated a 10 m (32 foot) light-duty transit bus with a 120 kW fuel cell system, followed by a 200 kW, 12 meter (40 foot) heavy-duty transit bus in 1995 (26). These buses use no traction batteries. They operate on compressed hydrogen as the on-board fuel. In 1997, Ballard provided 205 kW (275 HP) PEFC units for a small fleet of hydrogen-fueled, full-size transit buses for demonstrations in Chicago, Illinois, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Working... 

Taylor, B.E., Turner, R.J.W., Leitch, C.H.B., Watanabe, D.H., Shaw, D.R. 2000. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for the origins of mineralizing and alteration fluids, Sullivan Pb-Zn mine and vicinity, British Columbia. In Lydon, J.W., Hoy, Trygve, Slack, J.F. Knapp, K. (eds.), The Geological Environment of the Sullivan Deposit, British Columbia, Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Divison, Special Publication, 1, 652-672. 

If metals, particularly iron, are not available to precipitate the biogenic sulfide, then dissolved sulfide builds up in the pore waters and may even reach toxic levels. When iron is present the dissolved sulfide is significantly lower in concentration. The concentration profiles for dissolved sulfide in sediments often show a depletion in the upper layers and a maximum at a depth of a meter or less. The depletion is interpreted by Goldhaber and Kaplan (1974) to reflect reactions between iron oxide and dissolved sulfide to yield iron sulfides. As a consequence of different reactivities of iron oxides to aqueous sulfide, a depth may be reached where the sulfide production rate exceeds removal as iron sulfide. Volkov et al. (1972) reported that, in sediments off the Japan Depression, the free hydrogen sulfide concentration reaches as high as 150 mg h which is roughly 50% higher than that found in the Black Sea and is comparable to the maximum concentration observed at Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, by Nissenbaum et al. (1972). The... 

The history of the development of a technically feasible catalyst for the enantioselec-tive hydrogenation of MEA imine has been described [3]. Collaborations, initially with a research team from the University of British Columbia at Vancouver and later with the group of J. A. Osborn of the University of Strasbourg were very important. 

At the Manhattan District s heavy-water plant at Trail, British Columbia, primary concentration of deuterium was effected by the combination of electrolysis and steam-hydrogen... 

The electrolytic process was also used by the Manhattan District, at Morgantown, West Virginia, and at Trail, British Columbia [M8], to refine crude heavy water from a primary plant where some process other than electrolysis was employed. These electrolytic plants were operated batchwise. The cells had no diaphragm, so the product was a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gases were recombined in a burner, and the water was recycled to the primary plant when its deuterium content was leaner than primary-plant product or to the next batch of the electrolytic plant when its deuterium content was richer than primary-plant product,... 

Meridaa, W., Eevina, D. B., Manessb, P. C., and Brown, R. C., "Enhanced hydrogen production and CO removal from indirectly heated biomass gasification," 11th Canadian Hydrogen Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, June 17-20, 2001. 

The vehicles were driven by journalists without giving any constraints. The cars experienced over the world drive very different environmental conditions cold French mountains, deserts in China and Kazakhstan, Australian heat and rainy regions like Oregon (USA) and British Columbia (Canada). Altogether the suitability for everyday use could be demonstrated for this powertrain as well as for the hydrogen refueling technology (Fig. 4.44, [9]). 

Figure 1.4. A map of the Hydrogen Highway in British Columbia, Canada. (Image courtesy...

G. Voecks, DOE consultant and coordinator of the contamination group. The development of hydrogen fuel quality specification, Canada—USA PEM Network Research Workshop, Feb. 16-17,2009, Vancouver, British Columbia. 

Sour gas wells in Canada are generally found in the Foothills region of Alberta and British Columbia, with the highest hydrogen sulfide content located in Southern Alberta. Although quantities vary significantly from site to site, the average sulfur concentration was 5 tonnes per million cubic feet of natural gas. 

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