Bridge methods

In the voltage method the normal voltage is applied across the capacitor terminals and line current, /, is measured. The value of capacitance, C, can be determined from the equations provided in Section 23.5.2. In the bridge method... 

All methods of IR-free technique involve finally switching-off and reverse switching techniques. In these are included bridge methods [5, 8, 9], ac methods, and impulse methods [10, 11]. All of these have no practical significance. Finally, measurement methods are also derived from Eq. (3-25) with the help of varying potential gradients on the soil surface, so that x is replaced by ... 

A key factor in the suitabihty of cokes for graphite production is their isotropy as determined by the coefficient of thermal expansion. After the calcined coke was manufactured into graphite, the axial CTE values of the graphite test bars were determined using a capacitance bridge method over a temperature range of 25 to 100°C. The results are summarized in Table 24. Also included in the table are bulk density measurement of calcined cokes and the resistivity values of their graphites. 

The ionic conductivity of a solvent is of critical importance in its selection for an electrochemical application. There are a variety of DC and AC methods available for the measurement of ionic conductivity. In the case of ionic liquids, however, the vast majority of data in the literature have been collected by one of two AC techniques the impedance bridge method or the complex impedance method [40]. Both of these methods employ simple two-electrode cells to measure the impedance of the ionic liquid (Z). This impedance arises from resistive (R) and capacitive contributions (C), and can be described by Equation (3.6-1) ... 

An alternative to the bridge technique was recently reported for thorium analysis in silicate rocks for which both Th and Th are measured on a single lon-counting detector (Rubin 2001). With careful chemistry and mass spectrometry, °Th/ Th ratios of igneous rocks can be measured with this technique with a precision that is similar to the bridge method. The disadvantage of this technique is that °Th ion-count rates are extremely low (around 10 cps) with normal silicate thorium ratios and are therefore subject to perturbations from background variation and low-level isobaric interferences in normal samples. 

The bridge method is based on various modifications of the well-known Wheatstone bridge. 

Directed Bridging Methods for Fast Atomistic Monte Carlo Simulations of Bulk Polymers. 

The FITSC method is a general method of investigating the electrical properties of high-resistivity solids via the study of thermal relaxation effects and is an attractive alternative to conventional bridge methods, current-voltage temperature measurements, and so forth. 

The low-molecular-weight vitamin biotin is easily conjugated to antibodies and enzyme markers. Up to 150 biotin molecules can be attached to one antibody molecule, and the strong affinity of the biotin for the glycoprotein avidin allows its use as complex-ing secondary reagents. Biotin labeling of the primary (direct) or secondary (indirect) antibody can be used in the avidin-biotin methods. In the labeled avidin method the tracer is attached directly to the avidin molecule. In the avidin-biotin bridge method a biotinylated enzyme such as peroxidase is allowed to bind after attachment of avidin to the biotin-labeled antibody. 

Experimental methods are applicable for a wide range of frequencies. High-frequency measurements employ commercially available dielectric constant meters, Q-meters, and so on the impedance bridge method is widely employed at low frequencies. The levels of the frequencies applied experimentally are very important for data interpretation and comparison. 

Petrusz, P., Dimeo, P., Ordronneua, P., Weaver, C., and Keefer, D. A. (1975) Improved immunoglobulin enzyme bridge method for light microscopical demonstration of hormone-containing cells of rat adenohypophysis. Histochemie 46,9-26. 

The successful application of immunohistochemical methods to formalin-fixed surgical pathology specimens stimulated rapid progress in this newly emerging field, and in quick succession came the introduction of the immunoperoxidase bridge method (2) and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) complex method (3). 

Mason TE, Phifer, RF, Spicer SS. An immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method for localizing tissue antigens. J Histochem Cytochem 1969 17 563-9. 

Fig. 31 Nomenclating a multiple ring assembly - open path bridged method...

Admittance measurements were used extensively prior to the widespread use of impedance spectroscopy in the 1980s. Capacitance bridge methods are typically used, though this limits the lower bound on the measured frequency to several hundred hertz. Corrosion processes, whose time constants are normally measured at or below 1 Hz, cannot be directly interrogated with this method. 

Bridge methods can be speeded up to some extent by the introduction of automatic balancing systems, where a phase-sensitive detector is used in a feedback loop to make adjustments to the reference arm. In spite of this, bridge techniques have been superseded in many applications by computer-based methods (see below), although they still offer better performance in terms of their ability to detect small dielectric losses. 

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