Breakthrough time definition

The classical definition of the chromatographic linear velocity u is based on the breakthrough time of an unretained peak, (q ... 

Telemedicine—or the use of computers to interact with patients, physicians, and specialists who are separated in space—has been predicted by conservative professional analysts to grow yearly by 40% to markets worth several tens to hundreds of billions of dollars. Waterford Telemedicine Partners of NY has taken a geographically and technologically broader view and projected the curves into the future to a market of 300 billion or more. As noted previously, it is difficult to know whether these projections are being realized because of the question of what the definition of telemedicine is, that is, its scope (see, however, Ronald C. Merrell and Charles R. Doarn. Telemedicine and e-Health Is it time for a telemedicine breakthrough Telemedicine and e-Health 2008 14(6) 505-506). Their broader definitions include, besides patient-doctor interactions, all other health-professional interactions with insurance, FDA, CDC, and WHO, inquiries with specialists, and consultation with research universities, all of which could benefit from access to clinical records. 

Membrane Process for Recovery of Alkanesulfonates. Many attempts have been made over the years to reduce the wastewater load—which represents a loss of product—by a number of different methods. These include evaporation, extraction, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration. All of these processes have the disadvantage of high equipment cost and high energy requirements, and the space-time yield is low. The first breakthrough came with the development of new types of membrane with a definite separating efficiency and a large surface area, so-called spiral-wound modules. 

The constructive method, which is considered as a major breakthrough in control theory, was developed in the last decade. As it stands, the method is intended for feedback control design, and its application to the batch motion case requires the nominal output to be tracked and a suitable definition of finite-time batch motion stability. In a more applied eontext, the inverse optimality idea has been applied to design the nominal motion of homo [11] and copolymer [12] reactor, obtaining results that are similar to the ones drawn from direct optimization [4]. The motion was obtained from the recursive application of the process dynamical inverse [13], and the inverse yielded a nonlinear SF controller [9, 10] that was in turn used to specify a conventional feedforward-feedback industrial control scheme. However, the issues of motion stability and systematized search were not formally addressed. 

Consider again the removal of a radionucUde from a solution as an example of column exchange. By definition (Eq. 15), ICd describes the equilibriiun distribution of ions between the zeolite and the solution. However, at the same time, it is a measure of the equilibriiun distribution of the solution volume and zeolite mass. Thus the total column capacity can be calculated from Eq. (16) or (18) for a simple binary system. The volume that can be treated with the column containing m kg of zeoHte is equal to the area above the breakthrough curve (Fig. 12), and can then be calculated from V = mKj). However, in the purification of radioactive effluents, it is necessary to discontinue operation, and change to a fresh column, immediately when the radioactive ion first starts to emerge from the column. The volume at which the breakthrough of the radionuclide com-... 

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