Vasogenic edema

Corticosteroids have been evaluated in several types of cerebral injury, including cerebral infarction. Corticosteroids reduce vasogenic edema, such as that associated with neoplasms, but not cytotoxic edema, the type associated with ischemic stroke. A large meta-analysis found no benefit to the use of corticosteroids in ischemic stroke (or intracerebral hemorrhage), and their use is not recommended, except to treat concomitant conditions that mandate it (e.g., COPD flare). 

Holmin, S. and Mathiesen T. Intracerebral administration of interleukin-1 beta and induction of inflammation, apoptosis, and vasogenic edema. J. Neurosurg. 92, 108, 2000. 

AQP4 deletion worsens outcome in vasogenic edema... 

Fig. 5 Aquaporin-4 deletion increases brain swelling in vasogenic edema, a Increased ICP in AQP4-null mice in response to intraparenchymal fluid infusion. Left representative ICP traces from two wildtype and AQP4 null mice. Right, increased ICP at 60 min in response to isotonic fluid infusion (0.5 p.l/min). Data shown for individual mice and mean SE. b Increased ICP and in AQP4 null mice with melanoma brain tumor. Top, site of injection of melanoma cells. Bottom., tumor size at 4 and 7 days after implantation showing similar-sized tumors in wildtype and AQP4 null mice, c ICP measured 7 days after tumor implantation. From Papadopoulos et al. (2004)...

Vasogenic Edema and Necrosis after Cerebral Ischemia 134... 

Temporal Profile of Vasogenic Edema Formation in Experimental Ischemia 135... 

MRI Parameters with Sensitivity to Vasogenic Edema and Necrosis 136... 

MRI Changes Corresponding to Vasogenic Edema after Experimental Brain Ischemia 137... 

It was noted in spontaneously hypertensive rats, subjected either to permanent or transient (2-h) MCAO that vasogenic edema and gliosis, as visualized immunohistochemically, were more widespread after transient occlusion although infarctions were larger after permanent occlusion (Nordborg et al. 1994). 

Correlation of MRI Parameter Changes to the Formation of Vasogenic Edema in Animal Models... 

MRI can provide valuable information on the progression of vasogenic edema and necrosis in the living organism. Free and bound water (e.g., water in the ventricles vs. water bound to cellular structures) can be discriminated based on different T1 and T2 relaxation times (Bakay et al. 1975 Naruse et al. 1982). Typical T1 and T2 relaxation times of normal rat brain at 4.7 T are 869+145 ms and 72+2 ms (caudate putamen) and 928 117 ms and 73 2 ms (cortex), while more liquid structures such as edematous tissue, cysts or CSF will lead to significantly elevated T1 and T2 relaxation times (Hoehn-Berlage et al. 1995). 

As discussed above, due to the influence of reperfusion, vasogenic edema develops differently in... 

To summarize, BBB disruption occurs in humans at earlier time points than previouslybelieved, develops progressively over the initial 7 days and, probably, is more dominant in stroke cases of permanent ischemia. It should be regarded as a key event for the development of vasogenic edema. 

Animal studies have substantially added to our understanding of the creation and development of vasogenic edema and necrosis after stroke onset. T2 has emerged as the most commonly applied MR parameter to study this aspect of infarct evolution in animal as well as in human stroke (Warach 2001). Although MRI monitoring of vasogenic edema is... 

J, Meric P (1997) Spreading of vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema assessed by quantitative diffusion and T2 magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 28 419-426 discussion 426-417... 

The precise mechanism of post-traumatic vasogenic edema is unknown, but Chan and colleagues [51] have provided data suggesting an important role for an arachidonic-acid-derived oxygen-radical-mediated process. In initial in vitro experiments, it has been discovered that when rat-brain cortical slices are... 

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