Brain medulla oblongata

In acute poisoning with DDVP or dioxycarb, percent of AChE reactivation in different parts of the brain (medulla oblongata, tectum of mesencephalon, hippocampus, nucleus caudatus) amounts to 60-80% (Fig. 3). 

It is generally agreed that clonidine acts in the same general area in the brain as does a-methyldopa, that is, somewhere in the medulla oblongata. The principal difference between clonidine and a-methyldopa is that clonidine acts directly on a2-receptors, whereas a-methyldopa first must be converted by synthetic enzymes to a-methylnorepinephrine. 

SNA does not affect the concentrations of histamine and glutamic add, but It decreases the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase and reduces the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) In rat brain. 5 GABA release Is Inhibited by acute administration, but not by chronic treatment. 5 SNA Increases serum creatinine phosphoklnase content In stressed rats. Recently, SNA was found to decrease methionine-enkephalin content In the medulla oblongata and mldbraln In the mouse, whereas other areas remained unaffected.48... 

Figure 4.4 General structure of the brain the central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain consists of the brain stem (medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon) and the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia).

Tire basal part of the brain or brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata and the pons. While the bulk of the tissue consists of myelinated nerve tracts passing into the spinal cord, synaptic regions such as the olivary nucleus are also present. 

The mesencephalon, or midhrain, serves as a bridge between the higher areas of the brain (cerebrum and diencephalon) and the brainstem. The brainstem consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata. In addition to serving as a pathway between the higher brain and spinal cord, the midbrain and brainstem are the locations of centers responsible for controlling respiration and cardiovascular function (vasomotor center). 

Koizumi S, Fujishita K, Tsuda M et al (2003) Dynamic inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by astrocyte-derived ATP in hippocampal cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 11023-8 Kubista H, Boehm S (2006) Molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of exocytotic noradrenaline release via presynaptic receptors. Pharmacol Ther 112 213 42 Kukulski F, Sevigny J, Komoszynski M (2004) Comparative hydrolysis of extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine in synaptic membranes from porcine brain cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Brain Res 1030 49-56 Kurokawa M, Koga K, Kase H et al (1996) Adenosine A2a receptor-mediated modulation of striatal acetylcholine release in vivo. J Neurochem 66 1882-8 Kurz K, von Ktigelgen I, Starke K (1993) Prejunctional modulation of noradrenaline release in mouse and rat vas deferens contribution of PI- and P2-purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 110 1465-72... 

The areas of the brain that retained the greatest concentrations of the label after intravenous Injection of [ H]BZ Into cats (16) were motor cortex, sensory cortex, caudate nucleus, lateral geniculate, and medial geniculate Smaller concentrations were retained In thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, colliculi, cerebellar cortex, the pyramids of the medulla, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar white matter ... 

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