Brain machine interfaces

Patel, P, 2009, The brain-machine interface, unplugged, IEEE Spectr. 46(10) 13-14 (October). 

The held is still in its infancy however, several basic principles have emerged from these and other early experiments. A crucial requirement in BCI function, for example, is for the reading device to obtain suf-hcient information for a particular task. Another observation refers to the transparency of action in brain-machine interface (BMI) systems Upon reaching prohciency, the action follows the thought, with no awareness of intermediate neural events. 

Fig. 9. 30. Sophisticated multicomponent control system with adaptronic elements (slip detector, motion sensors for gaze control) for controlling grasping in a paralyzed arm. Brain-Machine-Interfaces are currently under invention for direct thought control...

Patil, P.G. Caxmena, J.M. Nicolelis, M.A. Turner, D.A. Ensemble recordings of human subcortical neurons as a source of motor control signals for a brain-machine interface. Neurosurgery 55(1) (2004), pp. 27-38... 

Control Brain Machine Interface for a Power Wheelchair... 

Keywords— Brain Machine Interfaces, Neural Networks, EEG Signal Processing. 

Hema C.R., Paulraj M.P., S.Yaacob, A.H. Adorn, Nagarajan R, Motor Imagery Signal Classification for a Four State Brain Machine Interface , International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, Vol.3 No.l, pp. 76-81 December 2008. 

Nicolelis MAE (2003) Brain-Machine Interfaces to Restore Motor Function and Probe Neural Circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 417-422. 

Implantable neural prostheses have been widely used to improve or restore main functions of nervous systems for patients with neural damage. Some common neural prostheses include cochlear implants [1-2], spinal-cord stimulators [3-6], and deep-brain stimulators [7-10], Novel neural prostheses, such as retinal prostheses [11-12] and brain-machine interfaces [13-14], with higher resolution and site specificity are being actively investigated. These devices require larger numbers of microelectrodes patterned in a very small area, more sophisticated circuit designs, and longer lifespans. 

Advances in microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have enabled neuroscientists and researchers in biomedical engineering to take advantage of a large number of channels [22], and this has made it possible to pursue a variety of neuroprosthetic applications such as brain-controlled limb prostheses to treat spinal cord injuries and paralysis. A brain-machine interface (BMI) is at the core of these applications to sense the signals from the brain. 

Significant progress has been made in the development of neural prostheses for restoration of human functions and improvement of the quality of life. Biomedical engineers and neuroscientists around the world are working to improve the design and performance of existing devices and to develop novel devices for artificial vision, artificial limbs, and brain-machine interfaces. 

Lebedev, M. A. Nicolelis MAL. Brain-machine interfaces past, present, future. Trends Neurosci 2006,29,536 6. 

Chapin, J., and M. NicoleUs. 2002. Qosed-Loop Brain-Machine Interfaces. Proceedings of Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control. Rensselaerville, New York Wadsworth. 

Carmena, J., M. Lebedev, R. Crist, J. O Doherty, D. Santucci, D. Dimitrov, S. Patil, C. Henriquez, and M. Nicolelis. 2003. Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates. PLoS Biology l(2) 193-208. 

Saipeshkar, R., W. Wattanapanitch, S.K. Arfin, B.I. Rapoport, S. Mandal, M. Baker, M. Fee, S. Musallam, and R.A. Andersen. 2008. Low-power circuits for brain-machine interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2(3) 173-183. 

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