Subcortical neurons

Tarvonen-Schroder S, Roytta M, Raiha I, Kurki T, Rajala T, Sourander L (1996) Clinical features of leuko-araiosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 431-436 Tekin S, Cummings JL (2002) Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry an update. J Psychosom Res 53 647-654... 

Tekin S, Cummings JL (2002). Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry an update. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 647-654... 

Stock, A., Kuzis, K., Woodward, W.R., Nishi, R. and Ecken-stein, F. (1992) Localization of acidic fibroblast growth factor in specific subcortical neuronal populations. J. Neurosci. 12 4688-4700. 

AD is characterized by marked atrophy of the cerebral cortex and loss of cortical and subcortical neurons. The pathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques, which are spherical accumulations of the protein -amyloid accompanied by degenerating neuronal processes, and abundant neurofibrillary tangles, composed of paired helical filaments and other proteins. In advanced AD, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are most abundant in the hippocampus and associative regions of the cortex, whereas areas such as the visual and motor cortices are relatively spared. This corresponds to the clinical features of marked impairment of memory and abstract reasoning, with preservation of vision and movement. 

IS THYROID HORMONE REQUIRED FOR THE NGF EFFECT ON THE SUBCORTICAL NEURONES IN VIVO ... 

Patil, P.G. Caxmena, J.M. Nicolelis, M.A. Turner, D.A. Ensemble recordings of human subcortical neurons as a source of motor control signals for a brain-machine interface. Neurosurgery 55(1) (2004), pp. 27-38... 

Neuronal programming of movements according to cortical and subcortical input... 

The importance of peptide transmitters in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness has become apparent in recent years. Previous work had focused on the role of monoamines in the circuitry that regulates the transitions between states of vigilance. Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus are known to be key players in the activation of subcortical afferents during wakefulness (Wada et al, 1991). Activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus correlates with the state of vigilance (Jones, 1991). The role of serotonergic neurons in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has also been established (Lydic et al., 1987 Monti Jantos, 1992 Fabre et al., 2000). 

Amongst other subcortical structures, neurons of the superior colliculus are involved in saccadic eye movements and attentional processes (Wurtz et al., 1982). Local deactivation of the superior colliculus decreases attentional task performance only in the presence of distractors. Again there appears to be a critical interaction between attention and arousal, with a specific attentional role for this particular locus remaining unclear. 

---