Brain cells, classification

These approaches to receptor identification and classification were, of course, pioneered by studies with peripheral systems and isolated tissues. They are more difficult to apply to the CNS, especially in in vivo experiments, where responses depend on a complex set of interacting systems and the actual drug concentration at the receptors of interest is rarely known. However, the development of in vitro preparations (acute brain slices, organotypic brain slice cultures, tissue-cultured neurons and acutely dissociated neuronal and glial cell preparations) has allowed more quantitative pharmacological techniques to be applied to the action of drugs at neurotransmitter receptors while the development of new recording methods such as patch-clamp... 

Levicar N, Dewey RA, Daley E, Bates TE, Davies D, Kos J, Pilkington GJ, Lah TT (2003) Selective suppression of cathepsin L by antisense cDNA impairs human brain tumor ceU invasion in vitro and promotes apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 10 141-151 Levicar N, Strojnik T, Kos J, Dewey RA, Pilkington GJ, Lah TT (2002) Lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins in brain tumour invasion. J Neurooncol 58 21-32 Li F, Ackermann EJ, Bennett CF (1999) Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function. Nat Cell Biol 1 461 66 Lopes MBS, VandenBerg SR, Scheithauer BW (1993) The World Health Organization classification of nervous system tumors in experimental neuro-oncology. In AJ Levine and HH Schmidek, eds Molecular Genetics of Nervous System Tumors. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, pp 1-36... 

The structural classification of a neurons depends upon the number of dendrites extending from the cell body. Multipolar neurons have several dendrites the majority of neurons in the spinal chord and brain are multi-... 

Class IV HDAC 11 is most closely related to the class I family but also displays common characteristics with class II HDACs. The low overall homology to either of these classes has resulted in a separate classification. HDAC 11 is highly expressed in heart, brain, testis, muscle, and kidney cells and is predominantly located in the nucleus [28]. This deacetylase has short N- and C-terminal extensions little is known about its function. 

Nick O Tyne. Surgical resection of the primary lung cancer with an J attempt at cure was justified in Nick O Tyne, who had a good prognosis with a Ti,Ni,Mo staging classification preoperatively. Without some evidence of spread to the central nervous system at that time, a preoperative CT scan of the brain would not have been justified. This conservative approach would require scanning of all of the potential sites for metastatic disease from a non-small cell cancer of the lung in all patients who present in this way. In an era of runaway costs of health care delivery, such an approach could not be considered cost-effective. 

Some studies have been undertaken in the area of cancer diagnosis using perchloric acid extracts of various types of human brain tumor tissue [47], and the spectra could be classified using neural network software giving -85% correct classification. Tissues can be studied by metabonomics through the MAS NMR technique, and published examples include prostate cancer [16,48], renal cell carcinoma [18], breast cancer [19, 49], and various brain tumors [50]. Other recent studies include an NMR-based urinary metabonomic study of multiple sclerosis in humans and non-human primates [51]. 

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