Bottles sterilization

Acid phosphomonoesterase (EC 3.1.3.2). Milk contains an acid phosphatase which has a pH optimum at 4.0 and is very heat stable (LTLT pasteurization causes only 10-20% inactivation and 30 min at 88°C is required for full inactivation). Denaturation of acid phosphatase under UHT conditions follows first-order kinetics. When heated in milk at pH 6.7, the enzyme retains significant activity following HTST pasteurization but does not survive in-bottle sterilization or UHT treatment. The enzyme is not activated by Mg2+ (as is alkaline phosphatase), but it is slightly activated by Mn2+ and is very effectively inhibited by fluoride. The level of acid phosphatase activity in milk is only about 2% that of alkaline phosphatase activity reaches a sharp maximum 5-6 days post-partum, then decreases and remains at a low level to the end of lactation. 

The ASTM procedure describes in detail the conditioning of wood samples, dissolution of preservatives, impregnation, preparation of soil, bottles, sterilization procedures, inoculation of wood samples with one or more strains of wood-destroying fungi, incubation of samples and duration of the test, and so on. The principal readout of the test procedure is a loss of weight of the wood sample after its exposure to microbial cultures. 

Sterilised Redipac plastic tubes Sterile dropper bottles Sterile syringes... 

C. Quantitative Studies. Quantitative studies were initiated in order to quantify the extent of microbial growth on polymer surfaces. In the first set of quantitative studies, turbidity was used as an indicator of microbial growth. Polymer films were cast in the base of sterile 150 mL bottles. Sterile buffer (100 mL) and an A, niger spore suspension (1 X 10 spores) were poured over the films. Turbidity was monitored each day for two weeks by removing a small sample (3 mL) from each bottle and measuring its change in optical density (580 nm) on a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 21. Controls were included to correct for the contribution of buffer and polymer to turbidity. All experiments were done at room temperature. 

This method is slow because of the multiple operations on a shuttle machine. The heat of extmsion sterilizes the bottle, which is not readily achieved after molding. Blow-mold/fill/seal systems are used commercially for beverages and for pharmaceutical packaging. 

Bacteriological sampling is performed by manual techniques because of stringent sterilization requirements. Samples are taken in wide-mouthed, sterile, glass-stoppered bottles that are wrapped in paper prior to sterilization in an autoclave at 138 kPa (20 psi) or in an oven at 170°C. The botde is unwrapped and the lower portion is held in the hand. The sample is taken with the botde mouth in the direction of the flow. The stopper must be protected from contamination, the botde only partially filled, and the sample stored at 4°C after sampling. For bacteriological samples withdrawn from a tap, the water should mn for five minutes and then be shut off the tap should then be sterilized by flaming before a sample is taken. 

Besides the disinfeetion of sewage effluent, ozone is used for sterilizing industrial containers sueh as plastic bottles, where heat treatment is inappropriate. Breweries... 

For MPN determination, sterile pipettes calibrated in 0.1-ml increments are used. Other equipment includes sterile screw-top dilution bottles containing 99 ml of water and a rack containing six sets of five lactose broth fermentation tubes. A sterile pipette is used to transfer 1.0-ml portions of the sample into each of five fermentation tubes. This is followed by dispensing 0.1 ml into a second set of five. For the next higher dilution (the third), only 0.01 ml of sample water is required. This small quantity is very difficult to pipette accurately, so 1.0 ml of sample is placed in a dilution bottle containing 99 ml of sterile water and mixed. The 1.0-ml portions containing 0.01 ml of the surface water sample are then pipetted into the third set of five tubes. The fourth set receives 0.1 ml from this same dilution bottle. The process is then carried one more step by transferring 1.0 ml from the first dilution bottle into 99 ml of water in the second for another hundredfold dilution. Portions from this dilution bottle are pipetted into the fifth and sixth tube sets. After incubation (48 h at 35 C), the tubes are examined for gas production and the number of positive reactions for each of the serial dilutions is recorded. 

Preparation of Sodium 1-Methyl-5-Allyl-5-(1-Methyl-2-Pentynyl) Barbiturate A solution of 61 g of 1-methyl-5-allyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pentynyl) barbituric acid in 100 ml of ether was extracted with 465 ml of 2% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The aqueous extract was washed with successive 75 ml and 50 ml portions of ether. The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 11.7, using 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. 5 g of decolorizing carbon were added to the solution with stirring the mixture was permitted to stand for 20 minutes at room temperature, and the carbon was removed by filtration. A solution containing 4 g of sodium carbonate in 25 ml of water was added to the aqueous solution, and the mixture was filtered sterile through a porcelain filter candle of 02 porosity into sterile bottles. The aqueous solution was then dried from the frozen state, whereupon a sterile residue of sodium 1-methyl-5-allyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pentynyl) barbiturate, weighing about 62 g was obtained. 

The non-technical nature of the problem becomes apparent when we consider a specific example. For instance, plastic bottles, which are tighter and cheaper than those made from glass, have superseded the traditional material in all sectors of the modern drinks industry. In Britain five billion plastic bottles are used a year, which leads to serious environmental problems. They are difficult to recycle or reuse and expensive to dispose of. They cannot be reused because of the need for sterility. Sterilising is done using high temperatures, which would cause softening or even melting if applied to plastics. 

Fig. 20.3 Sterility assurance. At Y, there is (literally) 10" bacterium in one bottle, i.e. in 10 loads of single containers, there would be one chance in 10 that one load would be positive. Likewise, at Z, there is (literally) 10 bacterium in one bottle, i.e. in 1 million (10 ) loads of single containers, there is one chance in 1 million that one load would be positive.

Avoid touching the dropper tip with your fingers or against your eye to maintain sterility of the product shake the dropper bottle if the product is a suspension. 

Several guidelines are available in the literature for the pharmacist who must extemporaneously prepare an ophthalmic solution. The USP contains a section on ophthalmic solutions, as do other compendia and several standard textbooks. Since the pharmacist does not have the facilities to test the product, he or she should dispense only small quantities, with an expiration date of no more than 30 days. Refrigeration of the product should also be required as a precautionary measure. To reduce the largest potential source of microbial contamination, only sterile purified water should be used in compounding ophthalmic solutions. Sterile water for injection, USP, from unopened IV bottles or vials is the highest-quality water available to the pharmacist. Prepackaged sterile water with bacteriostatic agents should not be used. 

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