Bottle-shaped

In a pore system composed of isolated pores of ink-bottle shape, the intrusion curve leads to the size distribution of the necks and the extrusion curve to the size distribution of the bodies of the pores. In the majority of solids, however, the pores are present as a network, and the interpretation of the mercury porosimetry results is complicated by pore blocking effects. 

Horizontal rotary machines employ multiple molds in a horizontal plane on a rotary turret. As each mold approaches the extmder die exit, it opens to accept the parison and then closes. The parison is then blown into the bottle shape. The extmder must extmde on an intermittent basis or be intermittently withdrawn to provide a parison for each passing mold. 

The steps in the process are illustrated in Fig. 4.48. Initially a preform is injection moulded. This is subsequently inflated in a blow mould in order to produce the bottle shape. In most cases the second stage inflation step occurs immediately after the injection moulding step but in some cases the preforms are removed from the injection moulding machine and subsequently re-heated for inflation. 

The nitrogen adsorption isotherms for the onion-like Fe-modified MLV-0.75 materials are of type IV, although their hysteresis loops are of complex types, HI, H2, and H3. The H2-type hysteresis loop indicates the presence of bottle-shaped pores. The pore sizes obtained with the BJH method can be assigned to entry windows of mesopores. For pure MLV-0.75 and Fe-modified MLV-0.75 (x = 1.25), the pore size distributions exhibit two peaks (Fig. Id). The first peak appears at 9.0 and ca. 6 nm for MLV-0.75 and Fe-MLV-0.75, respectively. The shift of the broad peak maximum of the distribution curve... 

Fig. 7.11 Wake configurations for drops in water (highly purified systems), reproduced from Winnikow and Chao (W8) with permission, (a) nonoscillating nitrobenzene drop = 0.280 cm, Re = 515 steady thread-like laminar wake (b) nonoscillating m-nitrotoluene drop 4 = 0.380 cm. Re = 688 steady thread accompanied by attached toroidal vortex wake (c) oscillating nitrobenzene drop 4 = 0.380 cm. Re = 686 central thread plus axisymmetric outer vortex sheet rolled inward to give inverted bottle shape of wake (d) oscillating nitrobenzene drop = 0.454 cm. Re = 775 vortex sheet in c has broken down to form vortex rings (e) oscillating nitrobenzene drop d = 0.490 cm. Re = 804 vortex rings in d now shed asymmetrically and the drop exhibits a rocking motion.

Tail Fuze AN-Mk228, shown in Fig 4-12, is bottle-shaped with a 16-blade arming-vane assembly attached to its outer end. 

Another magnetic antitank charge is described in Ref 1, pp 262-3 under the name of Panzer-handmine 3. It consisted of a bottle-shaped cardboard container with 2 1/3 lb of hollow charge (TNT or RDX/TNT). Three pairs of magnets were mounted at the bottom of the bottle, and a IVi sec friction igniter was located in the neck of the bottle. Total weight of the device was 8 lb... 

Cases that lead to porosimetry-measured surface areas exceeding those from nitrogen adsorption can result from ink-bottle shaped pores having a narrow entrance with a wide inner body. Intrusion into the wide inner body will not occur until sufficient pressure is applied to force the mercury into the narrow entrance. It will, therefore, appear as if a large volume intruded into narrow pores, generating an excessively high calculated surface area. 

Intrusion-extrusion hysteresis has been attributed to ink-bottle shaped pores. In pores of this type intrusion cannot occur until sufficient pressure is attained to force mercury into the narrow neck, whereupon the entire pore will fill. However, on depressurization the wide-pore body cannot empty until a lower pressure is reached, leaving entrapped mercury in the wide inner portion. The ink-bottle model ignores several factors which may reduce it to an untenable concept. These include the following ... 

Mathematica is a technical software program from Wolfram Research (Champaign, Illinois), With this versatile tool it is possible to draw beautiful Klein bottles as discussed in Chapter 5. The following is a standard recipe for creating Klein bottle shapes using Mathematica. 

Chestnut starch (Plate IV, Fig. 32). The granules are mostly isolated, wfth a rounded contour and a diameter of 15-20 y. The typical forms are pear- and bottle-shaped with a slightly undulating outline. Hilum and striation are usually absent. 

For revamps of ammonia synthesis converters, Ammonia Casale offers 1) an in-situ modification of bottle-shaped converters of the Kellogg type, and 2) a three-bed intercooled configuration. The intercooled design is similar in some ways to the Uhde design discussed below213. 

Many catalysts are porous, a feature which greatly increases their surface area [48]. Pores above 50 nm in width are termed macropores, those with widths below 2 nm are called micropores, and those of intermediate size are mesopores. Not only the size but also the shape of pores can vary widely and common descriptions refer to open and closed cylinders, slits, cones, spheroidal cavities, and ink-bottle shapes. The type of pore can frequently be identified from the shape of the hysteresis loop in physical gas adsorption experiments [32, 49], The absence of hysteresis indicates that the pores are closed perfect cylinders, or that the solid is microporous or, indeed, non-... 

PLA permits manufacture of varied and complex bottle shapes and sizes. Monolayer bottles of NatureWorks PLA can be formed on the same injection moulding/stretch blow moulding equipment used for PET, with no sacrifice in production rate. PET has some properties that PLA does not have and so NatureWorks is targeting applications where it has a competitive edge such as fresh food packaging and products that don t require sophisticated barriers such as water, milk and juice products. 

Figure 1.65 DT capacitance roadmap. The six curves represent different options 1, Si-etch with an aspect ratio (AR) of 45, straight DT profile 2, AR = 45 + bottle shape DT profile 3, AR = 60 4, AR = 60 + bottle 5, AR = 45 + bottle + HSC (hemispherical silicon grains) 6, AR = 45 + bottle + high e dielectric materials such as TiOj, TajOs and AI2O3.

Bottle-shaped DT For well controlled engineering of the lateral DT profile a new wet etch process employing diluted NH4OH chemistry was developed... 

Besides the formation of a smooth single crystalline DT sidewall, this process increases the DT area (bottle-shaped DT) in the bottom portion, therefore significantly... 

Figure 1.68 SEM of a bottle-shaped DT. The corresponding etch leaves a single crystalline high-quality surface.

Kudelka, S., Michaelis, A. and Tobben, D. (2002) Bottle Shaped Trench Formation by Anisotropic Wet Etch, US Patent 98-0324. 

For a given thermal gradient higher deposition temperatures result in a wider depositing zone. In this case the pores are very easily trapped within the composites because of the complex architecture of the preforms and a bottleneck effect for the bottle-shaped pores this produces poor infiltration for these pores. A relatively low deposition temperature and steep thermal gradient give rise to high density and uniform densification. 

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