Booster biocides

The amount of biocides needed in an antifouling paint will be determined by actual tests performed in real life. A rule of thumb says that the minimum level of protection with copper is a leaching rate of 10 pg/(cm2 day) (WHOI, 1952). The amount of cuprous oxide can be up to 40 wt % of an antifouling paint and it is normally assisted by booster biocides (5 to 10 wt %) to provide full protection against both animals and algae. The amount of biocides will be based on practical performance and, at the same time, be restricted to given legislation. 

The relation between the resin reaction and the booster biocide release process e.g. water penetration, diffusion through the binder phase... 

Different copper compounds mainly replaced TBT as the active component in anti-fouling products (Dahl and Blanck 1996 Yebra et al. 2004). However, several algal species showed tolerance to copper and to achieve protection against these tolerant species, a number of so-called booster biocides, e.g. zinc pyrithione, irgarol... 

Konstantinou, I. K., Albanis, T.A. (2004) Worlwide occurrence and effects of anti-fouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment a review. Environment International 30 235-248. 

Thomas, K.V., Fileman, T.W., Readman, J.W., Waldock, M.J. (2001) Anti-fouling paint booster biocides in the UK coastal environment and potential risks of biological effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 677-688. 

Thomas, K.V., McHugh, M., Waldock, M. (2002) Antifouling paint booster biocides in UK coastal waters inputs, occurrence and environmental fate. The Science of the Total Environment 293 117-127. 

Chem. Descrip. Dichlofluanid (93%), tech, grade CAS 1085-98-9 EINECS/ELINCS 214-118-7 Uses Booster biocide for solv.-based antifouling paints Features Broad effectiveness for use with or without copper compds. Preventol A 5-F [Bayer AG]... 

R D IN MATERIAL PROTECTION NEW BIOCIDES Table 10 Booster Biocides used in Antifouling Coatings. 

Table 10 shows the booster biocides used in antifouling coatings. 

For further details to the topic see Chapter 3. R D in Material Protection New Biocides which contains also a table listing booster biocides. Their chemical and physical properties, toxicity and antimicrobial effectiveness are described in Part Two-Microbidde Data. 

Di Lauda, G. et al. (2006) Occurrence of antifouling paint booster biocides in selected harbors and marinas inside the Gulf of Napoli a preliminary survey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52, 1541-1546... 

Acticlde BX-H Acticide FI(N) 2[(-Hydroxymethyl) amino] ethanot 2-[(-Hydroxymethyl) aminoJ-2-methylpropanol Nipacide 80 Protectol GDA Tallicin B-14 Troysan 174 Troysan 586 biocide, architecturai paints Copper Omadine biocide, booster soivent-based antifouiing paints... 

Chem. Descrip. Dicoco dimonium chloride, IPA Uses Detergency booster with biocidal activity... 

Uses Guerbet C20 alcohol dihydroxyethyl ammonium chloride detergency booster with biocidal activity experimental material Properties Sp.gr. 0.91 vise. 400 cSt f.p. 32 F b.p. 180 F (IPA) flash pt. (TCC) 75 F 75% act. 

Uses Detergency booster with biocidal activity Properties 75% act. 

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