Bone fusion

Acromegaly A pathologic condition characterized by excessive production of growth hormone during adulthood after epiphyseal (long bone) fusions have completed. 

USA dibotermin alfa protein InFuse InductOS Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 expressed in CHO cells Bone fusion... 

There seem to be three problems here. Maximum likelihood techniques are rarely applied to morphological data because (unlike molecular data) there is little empirical justification for assuming certain patterns or models of evolution. For instance, the arguments of bone fusion or fragmentation of the skull of crossopterygian fishes were basically sterile. Second, likelihood estimates of the fossil record only measure how well we have sampled the available... 

Phylogenetic analysis, steps of, 107, 108 Phylogenetic bone fusion, patterns on, 164 Phylogenetic cladistics, 107, 112 Phylogenetics, moleculai 268 Phylogenetic systematics character analysis, 109 logic of, 96... 

Recently, PLLA implants have also found applications in spine surgery [79]. Metallic spinal instrumentation and implants have been developed to provide immediate structural stability until bone fusion occurs. However, these implants have caused several complications including implant migration and failure, imaging degradation in MRI, and stress shielding that has been mentioned previously [79]. 

Alternatively, Forey (1998) considered the anterolateral (here interpreted as dorsal cleithrum) of placoderms as homologous to the whole cleithrum of osteichthyans. However he found it difficult to explain the attachment area of the scapulocoracoid on the dermal bones. This topographic difference of the scapulocoracoid between osteichthyans and placoderms is explained by the bone fusion assumed by Stensio. 

Fig. 5.3 Examples of PEEK cages made by Nuvasive for intervertebral body fusion procedures. The cages are meant to be filled with materials to promote bone fusion, such as bone graft taken from the patient s pelvis...

Cerasorb Curasan Regenerative medicine) CoUagen P-TCP Fiiiing, bridging, reconstruction and bone fusion... 

Sergejeva S, Ivanov S, Lotvall J, Linden A Interleukin-17 as a recruitment and survival factor for airway macrophages in allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005 33 248-253. 96 Bush KA, Farmer KM, Walker JS, Kirkham BW Reduction of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rat adjuvant arthritis by treatment with interleukin-17 receptor IgGl Fc fusion protein. Arthritis Rheum 2002 46 802-805. 

Vassilopoulos,G., Wang, P. R. and Russell, D.W. Transplanted bone marrow forms liver by cell fusion. Nature422 901-904, 2003. 

Wang, X., Willenbring, H., Akkari, Y. et al. Cell fusion is the princple source of bone marrow derived hepatocytes. Nature 422 897-901, 2003. 

Chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue lining the joint capsule results in tissue proliferation (pannus formation). Pannus invades cartilage and eventually the bone surface, producing erosions of bone and cartilage and leading to joint destruction. The end results may be loss of joint space, loss of joint motion, bony fusion (ankylosis), joint subluxation, tendon contractures, and chronic deformity. 

Bone Graft Data from the Laboratory of Dr. Ralph Holmes of the University of California, San Diego, on the Spinal Fusion Study by Dr. Glenn O Sullivan, Orthopedic Surgery Staff of Stanford University School of Medicine (10)... 

Histology and new bone growth report received from the Ralph Holmes laboratory at UCSD Medical Center on May 21,1996, concerning Stanford University Medical School study on spinal fusion of sheep. 

Vitamin D deficiency after epiphyseal fusion causes osteomalacia, which produces less deformity than rickets. Osteomalacia may present as bone pain and muscle weakness. 

Vassilopoulos G, Wang PR, Russel DW (2003). Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature 422 901-904. 

---