Boilers turbine

TABLE 25-68 Energy Output and Efficiency for 1000 Metric Ton of Waste/Day Steam-Boiler Turbine-Generator Energy-Recovery Plant Using Unprocessed Industrial Solid Wastes with Energy Content of 12,000 kJ/kg... 

NOTE In most large HP boiler-turbine designs it is necessary to reheat the steam part way during its passage through the turbine to maintain the steam above its saturation temperature. This is achieved by sending the HP turbine exhaust steam back to the boiler, where it enters the reheat section. From there the steam returns to the intermediate pressure (IP) stage of the turbine. 

Product FT Gasoline and Diesel Methanol Hydrogen Boiler Turbine PAFC Fuel Cell MCFC SOFC PEFC... 

Another feature of boiler operations is the widely varying demands caused by changes in process operations, plant unit start-ups and shutdowns, and daily and seasonal cycles. Because utility equipment is often operated in parallel, demand swings commonly affect when another boiler, turbine, or other piece of equipment should be brought on line and which one it should be. 

Consider the problem of minimizing the purchase of fuel oil when it is needed to produce an output of 50 MW from a two-boiler turbine-generator combination that can use fuel oil or blast furnace gas (BFG) or any combination of these. The maximum available BFG is specified. 

Nuclear stations tend to employ ferritic chrome steels, stainless steels and nickel based alloys in their boilers. Turbines contain a variety of steels while condensers are usually of brass or, increasingly, of titanium. Low pressure feed heaters have traditionally been made of brass also, but increasingly steels are used. 

The Carnot cycle is not a practical model for vapor power cycles because of cavitation and corrosion problems. The modified Carnot model for vapor power cycles is the basic Rankine cycle, which consists of two isobaric and two isentropic processes. The basic elements of the basic Rankine cycle are pump, boiler, turbine, and condenser. The Rankine cycle is the most popular heat engine to produce commercial power. The thermal cycle efficiency of the basic Rankine cycle can be improved by adding a superheater, regenerating, and reheater, among other means. 

All solar energy is sent to the boiler/turbine (B/T) to generate electricity (Figure 2.130). 

Conversion efficiencies (boiler, turbine generator, electrolyzer, lique-fier, compressors, etc.) and coefficients of performance (heat pumps) of the various blocks of equipment (EFF1, EFF2, etc.)... 

The plant will yield significant quantities of coal liquids, gas and other products for extensive longer term testing in boilers, turbines and other applications. 

At PPG Industries in Lake Charles, Louisiana, numerous instrument loops provide critical safety, alarm, and shutdown functions. These protective instruments are located on reactors, oil heaters, incinerators, cracking furnaces, compressors, steam-heated vaporizers, kettles, distillation columns, boilers, turbines, and other critical equipment. Process analyzers and flammable vapor detectors also enhance the overall process safety environment. [8]... 

The interested reader should refer to Reference (13) for a detailed description of costing equations for the boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump. The costing equations for this system are listed in Table I. 

What is the thermodynamic efficiency of the boiler/turbine combination ... 

Alkali, in the form of Na and K-containing species, can lead to a dramatic reduction in the durability of metal (alloy) and ceramic reactor components through a complex process known as hot corrosion (5). Examples of energy systems where this process occurs include, coal-fired utility boilers, turbines, gasifiers,... 

Alkali vapor transport and deposition is a well-known, though poorly understood, factor in the corrosion or fouling of alloys and ceramics, both in established and developing technologies. Problem areas include oil-fired glass melting operations (21), blast furnaces, boilers, turbines, coal gasification ( ), MHD (23, 24, 25) and coal-fired pressurized fluidized beds (26). 

The oil gas market has a strong influence on the price of utilities. A consistent method for estimating the cost of utilities can be developed based on thermo-chemical calculations and typical efficiency of industrial processes, as power plants, boilers, turbines, refrigeration cycles, etc. Each utility can be related to its equivalent fuel value, as indicated by the Table B2 (Douglas, 1988). Once the cost of fuel known, the price of other utilities can be easily determined. Note that the prices in Table B2 are only for illustration purposes. 

A power plant burns coal and produces electricity by means of a boiler, turbine, condenser, generator, etc, its steady-state behavior is fairly easy to calculate. However, when the power demand on the generator is suddenly increased or decreased, its behavior is much more difficult to calculate. Power... 

Figure 4.23 Schematic representation of a hot blast cupola with a steam boiler, turbine and generator...

K, which is sent to a turbine. The turbine efficiency is 0.75. The discharged steam from the turbine is at 30 kPa, and sent to a condenser. The condensed water is pumped to the boiler. The pump efficiency is 0.75. Assume that the natural gas is pure methane gas, and the surroundings are at 298.15 K. Determine (a) The thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle, (b) The thermal efficiency of an actual cycle, (c) The work loss of each unit of boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump. 

The purpose is to develop a steam balance for operational supervision as well as for identification of improvement opportunities in the steam system. Models for boilers, turbines, deaerators (DAs), letdown valves, desuperheaters, and steam flash tanks are discussed in the previous chapter. Historian and distributed control system (DCS) data will be coimected to steam balance so that the steam balance is capable of dynamically balancing the steam and power demands due to process variations, units on or off, and weather change. 

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