Body fluids Large Intestine

As we have seen in this chapter steroids have a number of functions in human physiology Cholesterol is a component part of cell mem branes and is found in large amounts in the brain Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids The sex hormones responsible for mascu line and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids... 

Florfenicol concentrations in tissues and body fluids of male veal calves were studied after 11 mg/kg intramuscular doses adininistered at 12-h intervals (42). Concentrations of florfenicol in the lungs, heart, skeletal muscle, synovia, spleen, pancreas, large intestine, and small intestine were similar to the corresponding semm concentrations indicating excellent penetration of florfenicol into these tissues. Because the florfenicol concentration in these tissues decreased over time as did the corresponding semm concentrations, it was deemed that florfenicol equiUbrated rapidly between these tissues and the blood. Thus semm concentrations of florfenicol can be used as an indicator of dmg concentrations in these tissues. 

Treatment principle Drain the heat in the Large Intestine and move the stool promote Qi movement and nourish the body fluids... 

When there is excess heat in the Stomach and Large Intestine, it can directly consume the body fluids and cause high fever, sweat, severe thirst, dry mouth and constipation. 

Internal dryness is caused directly by the consumption of body fluids. Some diseases, medicines, herbs or food products can injure the body fluids and cause dryness. Long-term stress and emotional disturbance can also cause consumption of the body fluids. As the Lung, Stomach and Large Intestine are mainly involved, the syndrome of dryness can be respectively divided into dryness in the Upper-, Middle- and Lower-Jiao. 

Second, sweet, bitter and cold herbs that enter the Stomach and Large Intestine meridians, can clear heat and generate body fluids are selected. 

This concept can be applied to the ionized states of drugs and poisons in various body fluids. The gastrointestinal (Gl) tract is the most common route for the introduction of xenobiotics into the body. The mouth has a pH of 4-5, the stomach about 2, the small intestine 5-7 and the large intestine about 8. Consider the ionized states of the molecules below and determine where they might be absorbed in the body. 

Golloidal gold is also used to treat medical problems. In some forms of cancer, the body develops large amounts of liquid in the space around the stomach and intestines (the peritoneum). Some doctors treat this collection of liquid by injecting colloidal gold into the peritoneum. It is not able to leave the peritoneum and go into the stomach and intestines. While in the peritoneum, the colloidal gold gives off radiation. The radiation kills cancer cells that cause the accumulation of fluid. 

Almost all mammalian tissues contain histamine in amounts ranging from <1 to >1(X) pg/g. Concentrations in plasma and other body fluids generally are very low, but human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains significant amounts. The mast cell is the predominant storage site for histamine in most tissues in the blood, it is the basophil. The concentration of histamine is particularly high in tissues that contain large numbers of mast cells, such as skin, bronchial tree mucosa, and intestinal mucosa. 

Studies of hydrolytic stabihty of polymeric plasticizers, such as poly(propylene adipate) and poly(butylene adipate) were conducted in simulated body fluids such as saliva, gastric and intestinal fluids. It was found that no hydrolysis occurred under saliva and gastric conditions but plasticizers were hydrolyzed to a large extent in simulated intestinal fluid. Enzymes selectively catalyzed the primary alcohol ester linkage. It is expected that other polymeric ester plasticizers will behave in a similar manner. ... 

Diarrhea—Bacteria, viruses, or parasites can cause diarrhea, which depletes the body of nutrients and fluids. Loose watery stools are accompanied by nausea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. Oral rehydration treatment acts to replenish fluid loss and rectify electrolyte imbalances. Different types of diarrhea include travelers diarrhea, normally caused by Escherichia coli bacterial dysentery (shigellosis), an acute bacterial infection of the large intestine amoebic dysentery, where cysts of infecting organisms are transmitted through food and water and giardiasis, caused by parasites that infect the small intestine. 

The answer is e. (Hardman, pp 995-998.) Metronidazole is a low-molecular-weight compound that penetrates all tissues and fluids of the body. Metronidazole s spectrum of activity is limited largely to anaerobic bacteria-—including B./ragihs—and certain protozoa. It is considered to be the drug of choice for trichomoniasis in females and carrier states in males, as well as intestinal infections with CAardia lamblia. 

Minerals require a suitable mucosal surface across which to enter the body. Resection or diversion of a large portion of small bowel obviously affects mineral absorption. Extensive mucosal damage due to mesenteric infarction or inflamatory bowel disease or major diversion by jejunoileal bypass procedures reduces the available surface area. Minerals whose absorption occurs primarily in the proximal intestine, e.g., copper or iron, are affected differently than those absorbed more distally, e.g., zinc. In addition, the integrity of the epithelium, the uptake of fluids and electrolytes, the intracellular protein synthesis, the energy-dependent pumps, and the hormone receptors must be intact. 

There are hve classes of antibodies IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgM. Each class of antibody is characterized by its own location and distribution in the body. IgMs are found primarily in serum and are very large molecules ( 850 KD) that have reduced tissue penetration. IgDs are found in sernm at very low concentrations and are present on the surface of B cells. Other antibodies such as IgG, IgA, and IgE can diffnse from blood into tissues. IgA is the primary antibody in secretions, snch as the mncosal surfaces of the intestine and respiratory tract. IgE antibody is primarily associated with mast cells fonnd in the skin, the mucosa, and connective tissue blood vessels, but it also can be found at low levels in blood or in extracellular fluid. IgG is the most abundant... 

Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is a severe gastrointestinal disease affecting stomach and intestines. This disease in the past caused thousands of deaths worldwide prior to discovery of vaccines or lack of treatment. The toxin produced by the organism creates massive amounts of fluid in the intestines, which then produces thin grayish diarrhea. The symptoms of this disease are vomiting, diarrhea, cramps in the stomach and weakness. Body loses a large quantity of fluid and electrolytes. 

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