Body fluids generation

According to the amyloid hypothesis, the A 3 peptide plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease [1]. Major forms of A 3 produced encompass 38, 40 or 42 residues. A 342 is more prone to aggregation than A 340 and in animal models an increased A[342/ A (340 ratio results in amyloid plaque pathology even when total A 3 levels are reduced [4]. The generation of A 3 is a normal process and A 3 is present in the brains and body fluids of humans throughout life. Neuronal... 

The H2O2 used as substrate is generated by the NADPH oxidase system. CT is the halide usually employed, since it is present in relatively high concentration in plasma and body fluids. HOCI, the active ingredient of household liquid bleach, is a powerful oxidant and is highly microbicidal. When applied to normal tissues, its potential for causing damage is diminished be-... 

Table 8 5 shows that each of the four common s-block ions is abundant not only in seawater but also in body fluids, where these ions play essential biochemical roles. Sodium is the most abundant cation in fluids that are outside of cells, and proper functioning of body cells requires that sodium concentrations be maintained within a narrow range. One of the main functions of the kidneys is to control the excretion of sodium. Whereas sodium cations are abundant in the fluids outside of cells, potassium cations are the most abundant ions in the fluids inside cells. The difference in ion concentration across cell walls is responsible for the generation of nerve impulses that drive muscle contraction. If the difference in potassium ion concentration across cell walls deteriorates, muscular activity, including the regular muscle contractions of the heart, can be seriously disrupted. 

Grootveld et al. (1994) employed this technique to investigate radiolytic, damage to biomolecules present in human body fluids. 7-Radiolysis of healthy or rheumatoid human serum (5.00 kGy) in the presence of atmospheric O2 gave rise to reproducible elevations in the concentration of NMR-detectable acetate, which are predominantly ascribable to the prior oxidation of lactate to pyruvate by OH radical followed by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by radiolytically generated H2O2 and/or further OH radicals (Equations 1.7 and 1.8). 

In these systems, osmotic pressure provides the driving force to generate controlled release of drug. Consider a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to water, but not to drug. A tablet containing a core of drug surrounded by such a membrane is shown in Fig. 9. When this device is exposed to water or any body fluid, water will flow into the tablet owing to the osmotic pressure difference. The rate of flow, dV/dt, of water into the device can be represented as... 

A few natural organofluorine compounds exist, most notably in plants (Fig. 1c). These are generally noted for their toxicity most importantly, fluoroacetate enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and as fluorocitrate inhibits c/s-aconitase [4,106,107]. Of course, toxicity provides an opportunity to generate specific poisons and fluoroacetate is widely used as a rodenticide providing opportunities for NMR [108]. F NMR has been used for extensive studies of body fluids such as milk and urine with respect to xenobiotica [109-115]. 

Bioassay may also be of low-precision design (multiple samples on large plates, i.e., >3 manual turbidimetric assays, small-plate assays). These types of assay are useful for trace analyses (cleaning validation), and are often used for the analysis of samples in body fluids as they are capable of dealing with the large numbers of samples that may be generated in these studies. 

Intravenous infusion of 1 g of a parenteral cephalosporin produces serum levels of 60-140 mcg/mL. Third-generation cephalosporins penetrate body fluids and tissues well and, with the exception of cefoperazone and all oral cephalosporins, achieve levels in the cerebrospinal fluid sufficient to inhibit most pathogens, including gram-negative rods, except pseudomonas. 

This method is used to treat internal heat syndromes. In Chinese herbal medicine, cold ingredients that enter the regions where heat exists are applied. These ingredients have the functions of reducing heat, relieving fire-toxin, cooling the blood and generating body fluids. 

Lu Gen is sweet and cold, and enters the Lung, Stomach and Kidney meridians. It is often used as assistant in a formula to treat a wind-heat syndrome because it not only clears heat but also generates body fluids, which have been injured by heat in a wind-heat syndrome. In addition, it is also used to treat nausea and belching when the heat from the Lung affects the Stomach. 

Zhi Gan Cao is used as envoy in a formula to harmonize the functions of herbs and moderate their properties. When it is used with cold herbs, the Yin and body fluids can be generated and stabilized more easily. 

Thirst add Ge Gen [Puerariae radix), Lu Gen [Phragmitis rhizoma) and Tian Hua Fen [Trichosanthis radix) to generate body fluids. 

Zhu Ye and Lu Gen are able to clear heat and relieve thirst. Lu Gen can generate the fluids that have been injured by the heat. It also serves as corrective assistant to prevent heat continuously injuring the body fluids. 

Shi Gao is pungent, sweet and cold. It can effectively clear heat from Yang Ming meridians. As it is sweet and cold, and can generate the body fluids, it is particularly suitable for conditions where the body fluids are being constantly injured by heat. 

This chapter introduces the principles, methods and strategies for the composition of formulas that reduce heat, relieve fire-toxin, cool the blood and generate the body fluids. They are used to treat various internal heat syndromes. 

Dan Zhu Ye and Shi Gao are used as chief substances to reduce the heat from the Heart and the Stomach. Shi Gao is also able to generate the body fluid and soothe the Stomach. 

Tian Hua Fen and Lu Gen are sweet and cold, and enter the Lung and Stomach meridians. They are often used in the syndrome of excess heat in the Lung when the heat has injured the fluid and causes dryness in the Lung. Both herbs can clear heat, generate the body fluids and relieve thirst, dry cough, chest pain and dryness in the mouth. 

Zhi Gan Cao can tonify the Qi, together with cold herbs to generate the Yin and body fluids. It can protect the Lung and Stomach from the cold herbs as its sweet taste can smooth and moderate the function and speed of the cold herbs. 

A small amount of sour and cold herbs should be selected to nourish the Yin and blood and generate the body fluids, as well as reduce the side effects of pungent and hot herbs. 

The main substances of the body are the Qi and essence that further generate blood, body fluids, Yin and Yang. In pathological conditions, the deficiency often shows four aspects, namely deficiency of the Qi, deficiency of the blood, deficiency of the Yin and deficiency of the Yang. The deficiency can be found in specific organs, such as Kidney-Yin deficiency, Spleen-Qi deficiency or Heart-blood deficiency. A deficiency syndrome also exists in patients with a weak constitution or those in the recovery period of disease, in elderly people or in children. In those situations, it is difficult to determine which organ is weak and which part should be tonified, as the general condition of the patient is weak. 

---