Blood Origin

The endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) of peripheral blood origin is the CD34+, which differentiates into a vascular endothelial cell under the influence of VEGF,... 

One fairly new system is the Modular Immune in vitro Construct technology system (MIMIC), which can measure innate and adaptive immune responses and evaluate cytokines, antibodies, and chemokines in vitro. The system is based on a multidimensional interrogation of quiescent primary human cells mainly of blood origin that can reproduce immune responses in a cell-based high-throughput screen and rapidly capture the effect of an immunoresponsive agent (e.g.,... 

Arterialized capillary blood is sometimes an acceptable alternative to arterial blood when blood losses need to he minimized, when an arterial cannula is not available, or to prevent repeated arterial puncture. Freely flowing cutaneous blood originates in the arterioles and corresponds closely to arterial blood in composition. However, arterialized capfl-... 

Prolactin detected in maternal and fetal blood originates from maternal and fetal pituitaries, respectively. Prolactin also is synthesized by decidual cells near the end of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and early in pregnancy the latter source is responsible for the very high levels of prolactin in amniotic fluid during the first trimester. 

The incentive to utilize for the first time tt-tt complexation for selectively removing overdosed and toxic lipophilic aromatic compounds from blood originated from the work of Dust on binding dopamine derivatives to trinitrobenzene [47]. In that and other subsequent publications [42,48-50], spectroscopic methods are described for quantitative determination of complexation as well as how to calculate binding constants and activation energies. 

An enzyme which catalyses the transfer of of a7-glutamyl group from a peptide to an acceptor molecule. The enzyme present in blood originates mainly from the hepatobiliary system. 

A primitive platyhelminth, Polychoerus carmelensis, an acoel tur-bellarian, contains bound N-acetylneuraminic acid. Other turbellarians tested were found to be devoid of sialic acids. A trematode, Fascio-loides magna, contains sialic acids which may be of dietary blood origin (Warren, 1963). 

A third spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of the concentration of in blood yields an Sjamp of 0.193 for a 1.00-mL sample of blood that has been diluted to 5.00 mb. A second 1.00-mL sample is spiked with 1.00 )J,L of a 1560-ppb Pb + standard and diluted to 5.00 mb, yielding an Sspike of 0.419. Determine the concentration of Pb + in the original sample of blood. 

The concentration of Pb + in the original sample of blood can be determined by making appropriate substitutions into equation 5.7 and solving for C. Note that all volumes must be in the same units, thus Vj is converted from 1.00 )J,L to 1.00 X 10-3 mb. 

A fifth spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of the concentration of Pb + in blood uses a multiple-point standard addition based on equation 5.6. The original blood sample has a volume of 1.00 mb, and the standard used for spiking the sample has a concentration of 1560 ppb Pb +. All samples were diluted to 5.00 mb before measuring the signal. A calibration curve of Sjpike versus Vj is described by... 

Species origin tests, used to determine whether the specimen is human or from another source, are immunological in nature. Host animals, usually rabbits, are injected with protein from another species. The animal creates antibodies to the unknown material. Semm from the host animal, containing species (human, bovine, equine, canine, etc) specific antibodies, is tested against a dilute solution of blood (antigens) collected as evidence. A positive reaction is determined by a visible band where the antibodies and antigens come into contact. 

Transfusion-induced autoimmune disease has been a significant complication in the treatment of patients who require multiple platelet transfusions. Platelets and lymphocytes carry their own blood group system, ie, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, and it can be difficult to find an HLA matched donor. A mismatched platelet transfusion does not induce immediate adverse reactions, but may cause the patient to become refractory to the HLA type of the transfused platelets. The next time platelets with an HLA type similar to that of the transfused platelets are transfused, they are rejected by the patient and thus have no clinical efficacy. Exposure to platelets originating from different donors is minimized by the use of apheresis platelets. One transfusable dose (unit) of apheresis platelets contains 3-5 x 10 platelets. An equal dose of platelets from whole blood donation requires platelets from six to eight units of whole blood. Furthermore, platelets can be donated every 10 days, versus 10 weeks for whole blood donations. 

Hexa.cya.no Complexes. Ferrocyanide [13408-63 ] (hexakiscyanoferrate-(4—)), (Fe(CN) ) , is formed by reaction of iron(II) salts with excess aqueous cyanide. The reaction results in the release of 360 kJ/mol (86 kcal/mol) of heat. The thermodynamic stabiUty of the anion accounts for the success of the original method of synthesis, fusing nitrogenous animal residues (blood, horn, hides, etc) with iron and potassium carbonate. Chemical or electrolytic oxidation of the complex ion affords ferricyanide [13408-62-3] (hexakiscyanoferrate(3—)), [Fe(CN)g] , which has a formation constant that is larger by a factor of 10. However, hexakiscyanoferrate(3—) caimot be prepared by direct reaction of iron(III) and cyanide because significant amounts of iron(III) hydroxide also form. Hexacyanoferrate(4—) is quite inert and is nontoxic. In contrast, hexacyanoferrate(3—) is toxic because it is more labile and cyanide dissociates readily. Both complexes Hberate HCN upon addition of acids. 

Fecal Goliforms. Eecal coliforms are those originating from the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Eecal coliforms can be deterrnined by a multiple-tube procedure, which must be appHed to a positive presumptive test for optimum recovery of fecal coliforms (20). Incubation must be at 44.5 0.2°C for 24 2 h. Gas production during incubation is positive evidence of fecal coliform poUution. 

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