Blood manipulation

Anticoagulant Heparin Commercially supplied heparinized tubes 

Blood samples Blood is taken into heparin or ACD anticoagulant for isolation of erthrocyte membranes and into ACD anticoagulant for isolation of low density lipoproteins (LDL). All manipulations of blood should be initiated as soon as possible after venipuncture in the case of LDL preparation and within 17 h if preparing erythrocyte membranes. Blood samples are stored at 4°C before use. 

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IEC continues to have numerous applications to the detection and quantification of various inorganic ions.1 1 This is particularly true in water analysis.5-14 Inorganic ions in a variety of other sample types, such as food and beverages,1518 rocks,19-23 biological fluids, (blood, urine, etc.),24-31 pharmaceutical substances,32 33 concentrated acids,34 alcohols,35 and cleanroom air36 have also been analyzed by IEC. IEC has also been employed in isotopic separation of ions,37 including the production of radioisotopes for therapeutic purposes.3839 Typical IEC sample matrices are complex, and may contain substances that interfere with measurement of the ion(s) of interest. The low detection limits required for many IEC separations demand simple extraction procedures and small volumes to avoid over-dilution. Careful choice and manipulation of the eluent(s) may be needed to achieve the desired specificity, especially when multiple ions are to be determined in a single sample. 

E. A. Neuwelt, ed. Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Manipulation, Vol. 1, Basic Science Aspects, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York, 1989. 

Influencing cognition by manipulating blood glucose and oxygen levels... 

Interval or satellite groups have been discussed at two earlier points in this chapter. They allow measurement of termination parameters at intervals other than at termination of the study. They are also useftd when the manipulation involved in making a measurement (such as the collection of an extensive blood sample), while not terminal, may compromise (relative to other animals) the subject animals. Another common use of such groups is to evaluate recovery from some observed effect at study termination. 

Because most, if not all, study-related activities are conducted in the same dogs, the stress induced by repeated manipulation of dogs for activities such as blood collection, ECG, and physical examinations needs to be taken into consideration. Efforts should be made wherever possible to separate study activities by several days. 

And since high uric acid levels were associated with migraine as well, there appeared to be a positive relation between acid in the blood and blood pressure. Finally, Haig had already observed that test tube solutions of urates could be chemically manipulated to form gelatinous colloids, and supposed it was "quite possible" a like phenomenon might occur in the blood. 

Many variations of intestinal perfusion methods have been used as absorption models over the years. In situ methods offer advantages over in vitro models. Although the animal has been anaesthetised and surgically manipulated, neural, endocrine, lymphatic, and mesenteric blood supplies are intact and therefore all the transport mechanisms present in a live animal should be functional. As a result absorption rates from these methods may be more realistic in magnitude than those determined from in vitro techniques. 

Direct use of endothelin is not practical for clinical purposes. However, this signaling pathway shows a way that might be useful to manipulate P-glycoprotein and to help in the short term to treat patients with P-glycoprotein substrates that do not cross the blood-brain barrier. 

Innovative methodologies for in vivo microdialysis in immature subjects have facilitated research in multiple areas. Clinically driven experimentation on neonatal anoxia, hypoxia, or ischemia indicates that perinatal manipulations of oxygen and blood flow result in acute and chronic disruptions of neurotransmission and transmitter turnover (Chen et al., 1997 Nakajima et al, 1999 Ogasawara et al., 1999). Recently, a role for toxic free radicals in brain damage induced by prenatal infection was also delineated by in vivo microdialysis in rat pups (Cambonie et al, 2000, 2004). More subtle neonatal manipulations, such as maternal separation or periodic neonatal isolation, coupled with subsequent in... 

Box 3.3 Hibernation, migration or insulation in warm-blooded animals. Manipulations to overcome the effects of low temperatures... 

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