Anticoagulant, heparin

The mammalian blood anticoagulant heparin is also a carbohydrate polymer in which amino sugars (glucosamine) alternate with uronic acid residues (see... 

Table 9.8. Some clinical disadvantages exhibited by the anticoagulant, heparin...

Lactate and can be measured in plasma. Blood is collected in a tube with an anticoagulant (heparin, EDTA, oxalate) and antiglycolytic agent (fluoride - without which there is an artefactual increase in lactate levels). The tube is transported in ice water and plasma is separated from the blood within 15 min following sampling. 

The anticoagulant heparin is a polysaccharide sulfate which can form an electrostatic complex with blood-clotting factors (see ASIDE on blood clotting) and prevent the cascade from progressing. 

Other surface modification reactions that are relevant to biological studies include the binding of the blood anticoagulent, heparin,189 and of dopamine190 to polyphosp-hazene surfaces. The heparin immobilization brought about a five-fold increase in the coagulation time of blood, and the immobilized dopamine generated the same response in rat pituitary cells as did free dopamine. 

Finally, aspirin has also been used to prevent thrombus formation in peripheral veins (deep vein thrombosis [DVT]), and aspirin is sometimes used as an adjunct or alternative to anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin) that are routinely used to treat DVTs.8 Aspirin can likewise be administered to prevent thromboembolism following surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass, arterial grafts, endarterectomy, and valve replacement 45,78 By preventing platelet-induced thrombogenesis, aspirin helps maintain patency and prevent reocclusion of vessels following these procedures. 

Cover image is the chemical and molecular structure of the anticoagulant heparin Back cover illustration electron micrographs of drug distribution... 

Rowntree LG, Shionoya T (1927) Studies in extracorporeal thrombosis. I. A method for the direct observation of extracorporal thrombus formation. II. Thrombosis formation in normal blood in the extracorporeal vascular loop. III. Effects of certain anticoagulants (heparin and hirudin) on extracorporeal thrombosis and on the mechanism of thrombus formation. J Exp Med 46 7-26 Scott NA, Nunes GL, King SB III et al. (1994) Local delivery of an antithrombin inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis. Circulation 90 1951-1955... 

Standard and Quality Control Samples Standard and quality control samples have been prepared in mouse plasma (anticoagulant heparin) obtained from Biomeda, Foster City, USA. 

Anticoagulant Heparin Commercially supplied heparinized tubes... 

NITRATES ANTICOAGULANTS-HEPARINS Possible 1 efficacy of heparin with GTN infusion Uncertain Monitor APTT closely... 

Based on four randomized, double-blind trials aspirin is clearly effective in unstable angina (45-48). It reduces the risk of MI and cardiac death by 50 to 70% either alone or in concert with the anticoagulant heparin. Aspirin also has a role in reducing the incidence of early closure of saphenous vein bypass grafts of the coronary arteries and following coronary artery angioplasty (49-58). 

Heparin acts as a catalyst for antithrombin III (AT III), increasing its activity by approximately a thousand times. Antithrombin III is a plasma enzyme that inactivates certain activated serine proteases of the coagulation cascade, most importantly activated factors II (thrombin) and X. The larger heparin species (found in unfractionated heparin) catalyzes the inactivation of activated factors II and X. In contrast, LMWH chiefly inactivates activated factor X. The final effect of both is systemic anticoagulation. Heparin also possesses inherent platelet-aggregating properties and may also induce the production of platelet-aggregating antibodies. Heparin can inhibit aldosterone synthesis. 

Interim care is defined as frequent care for specified patient populations and close patient monitoring between visits to the primary provider. Interim care models follow a similar process for delivering care as do comprehensive pharmaceutical care models, but on a disease-state specific basis. Many examples of this exist in the CDTM model. Examples of interim-care CDTM models include anticoagulation/heparin clinics and clinics to treat asthma, seizures, pain, hypertension, diabetes, HIV, dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure, and other chronic-disease conditions. 

Courtney L. Jones received her B.S. in chemistry in 2004 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is currently a graduate student in the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products at UNC-CH where she is working under the guidance of Dr. Jian Liu studying the enzymatic synthesis of the anticoagulant heparin drug. 

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