Blood glucose, analysis

Glucose oxidase Aspergillus rilger Blood glucose analysis 4.6... 

DNLM 1. Blood Glucose-analysis. 2. Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring. 

The oldest example of an integrated dry reagent chemistry for quantitative analysis of a metabolite is the Dextrostix reagent strip (Miles Dia ostics) for whole blood glucose analysis. The cross section of the element is illustrated in Fig. 8a. The detection chemistry is the well-known glucose oxidase-peroxidase procedure. Approximately 50 pL of whole blood is applied to the surface of the... 

Fig. 8. Cross sections and chemistries of test elements for blood glucose analysis, (a) Miles Diagnostics, Inc., (Dextrostix reagent strips), b) BMC, and (c) Fuji.

Commercially available kits for monitoring blood-glucose use an amperometric biosensor incorporating the enzyme glucose oxidase. This experiment describes how such monitors can be adapted to the quantitative analysis of glucose in beverages. 

Other forms of analytical investigations may also be applied, such as at-line analysis (discontinuous direct analysis of objects, e.g., noninvasive blood glucose monitoring) and trans-line analysis (remote sensing, teleanalysis). 

With the introduction of modern electronics, inexpensive computers, and new materials there is a resurgence of voltammetric techniques in various branches of science as evident in hundreds of new publications. Now, voltammetry can be performed with a nano-electrode for the detection of single molecular events [1], similar electrodes can be used to monitor the activity of neurotransmitter in a single living cell in subnanoliter volume electrochemical cell [2], measurement of fast electron transfer kinetics, trace metal analysis, etc. Voltammetric sensors are now commonplace in gas sensors (home CO sensor), biomedical sensors (blood glucose meter), and detectors for liquid chromatography. Voltammetric sensors appear to be an ideal candidate for miniaturization and mass production. This is evident in the development of lab-on-chip... 

Experimental design Rats (7-13 male and 10-13 female) were exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene vapors for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week at concentrations of 0, 96, or 158 ppm for a total of 126-139 exposures. At the end of the exposure period, the animals were sacrificed, body and organ weights determined, and tissues examined microscopically. Hematology (parameters not specified), analysis of urine (blood, glucose, albumin, and sediment) and measurement of blood urea nitrogen were conducted for females exposed to the lowest concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. 

Enzymes play an important role in biochemical analysis. In biological material—e. g in body fluids—even tiny quantities of an enzyme can be detected by measuring its catalytic activity. However, enzymes are also used as reagents to determine the concentrations of metabolites—e.g., the blood glucose level (C). Most enzymatic analysis procedures use the method of spectrophotometry (A). 

Wet chemistry methods lor analysis of body analytes, e.g., blood glucose or chulesierol. require equipment and trained analysts. In contrast, dry chemistry systems can be used at home. 

Typical analysis of blood and urine is based upon chemical reactions, one per chemical species (or analyte ) of interest. Low-accuracy, single-analyte tests such as for blood glucose can be performed using at-home kits comprehensive blood tests at hospitals are performed using dedicated analyzers that suck in a sample and pump portions of it to various sensor modules. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to replace conventional present tests in certain circumstances. 

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