Blood and Its Circulation

Dan Shen can be used as assistant in the formula of clearing heat from the Heart. When heat injures the Yin and consumes the blood of the Heart, it makes the blood thicker than normal. At the same time, heat can force the blood to move erratically ( like a river in a storm ). Both of these conditions may cause blood stagnation. Dan Shen can cool the blood, promote the blood circulation and remove the congealed blood, enabling recovery of the normal condition of blood and its circulation. 

One aspect of exercise that increases the risk of heatstroke is that the loss of heat by sweating requires a proportion of the cardiac output to be directed away from muscle to the skin. In this way, heat is lost from the blood as it circulates close to the skin. However, even in severe hyperthermia, the blood supply delivering fuel and oxygen to the muscles takes preference over that to the skin. In this way, symptoms of hyperthermia are overriden and physical activity is maintained so that the core temperature can rapidly increase to dangerous levels. (Neilsen et al. 1990). 

The kidney normally manufactures erythropoietin, the growth factor for the production of red blood cells. In fact, erythropoietin was first isolated from the urine of patients with anemia, a condition characterized by too few red blood cells. Red cells carry oxygen to the body s tissues, and if too little oxygen is delivered to them, certain kidney cells produce erythropoietin. Most of this substance goes into the blood, where it circulates to the bone marrow and other tissues and triggers increased production of red cells from immature cells. Some erythropoietin spills into the urine. The concentration of erythropoietin in the blood is very low. The concentration is even lower in urine, but urine is easy, safe, and cheap to collect, and it does not contain a large number of other proteins. 

His tendency was the same as that of nearly all medical chemists of his period—to accept a plausible analogy instead of waiting for more basis in facts for his conclusions. Especially notable was his attempt to make the chemical function of the body depend on action between acids and alkalies. So for instance he said that in the right auricle and ventricle of the heart, the blood in its circulation meets the blood charged with bile. The mixture of these two effervesces on contact like iron and oil of vitriol. This is the source of animal heat. The function of respiration he concludes is to temper the heat produced by this effervescence, and expiration from the lungs carries away the vapors produced by the effervescense. 

Acetoacetate and p-hydroxybut)rrate are produced primarily in the liver. These metabolites diffuse into the blood and are circulated to other tissues, where they may be reconverted to acetyl CoA and used to produce ATP. In fact, the heart muscle derives most of its metabolic energy from the oxidation of ketone bodies, not from the oxidation of glucose. Other tissues that are best adapted to the use of glucose will increasingly rely on ketone bodies for energy when glucose becomes imavailable or limited. This is particularly true of the brain. 

In their host, tumor cells and lymphocytes (immune T cell NK cells) encounter each other, and both subjects of observation emit exosomes. The exosomes are engulfed by various host cells. Even in the case of an incipient and localized tumor, the entire host is made aware that a malignantly transformed cell colony is on board. It is under extensive investigation what biological effects exosomes may convey. With considerable oversimplification, it appears that exosomes of tumor cell-derivation are more immunosuppressive than immunostimulatory. Whereas exosomes derived from reactive DCs and immune T cells convey immunostimulatory effects. Tumor cells communicate to re-assert their presence by releasing microvesicles in the host s blood and lymph circulation [1960-1964]. 

The extremely short life of CuZn-superoxide dis-mutase (6 min) in circulating blood and its failure to pass the blood-brain barrier make it difficult to employ enzyme therapy in cerebral ischaemia. However, a modified enzyme therapy with an in-... 

Structure and properties of the naturally occuring prostaglandins and their precursors have been reviewed by Ramwell et al. [85]. The PGE s are vasodepressor agents, inhibit uterine contraction but, on the other hand, increase cardiac output and induce contraction of intestinal smooth muscle. They exhibit marked antilipolytic activity. PGE is rapidly removed from the blood and it disappears already in one circulation, particularly through the lung [86]. 

Anthocyanins are able to prevent oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Anthocyanins have a systemic action, since they are absorbed and circulate in the blood, and it is in this circulating form that they act upon different target tissues in the human body. Anthocyanins may also act locally, in the gut, if they are not absorbed by intestinal mucosa. Finally, they may also act as topical agents, for example, by protecting the skin from UV radiation. 

The idea of red cell substitutes is not new. In Ovid s Metamorphosis the witch Medea restored Jason s aged father, Aeson, by slitting his throat to let out old blood, replacing it with a magic brew she had concocted (1). Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first to apply the new knowledge about circulation to blood substitutes. In 1656 he infused ale, wine, scammony, and opium into dogs and from these efforts conceived the ideal of transfusing blood from one animal to another. Lower actually carried out the first transfusion experiments (2). 

Primarily hydrolyses esters with longer aliphatic (compared to AChE) or aromatic acyl moiety, such as butyrylcholine (BCh) and benzoylcholine (BzCh). BChE is the primary circulating ChE. It is threefold more abundant than AChE in human blood and is found in liver, lungs, muscles, brain and heart. 

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