Block camera system

This is due to the image re-writing propensity of the rotating mirror and many drum-camera systems. Small auxiliary detonating charges can be used in a number of ways to block off light and image exactly when required. 

Design of the SAXS camera. Figure 8 shows a diagram of the SAXS-camera. As in the case of a conventional Kratky-camera [71] it consists of a block collimation system, a sample holder, and a primary beam stop. The intensity of the primary beam is measured by a moving slit device [75]. The intensity is recorded by a linear position-sensitive counter (Braun, OED-50m) the spatial resolution of which is given by approximately 80 pm. 

Fig. 8. Schematic drawing of the SAXS-camera (Kratky-design). A block collimation system B capillary (sample holder) C slit for measurement of intensity of primary beam D primary beam stop E one-dimensional counter...

Here P(t) is the virtual profile in the t-direction in the plane of the sample which takes into account the finite divergence of the primary beam as well as the length of the detector in the plane of registration. The function Q(x) gives the profile of the primary beam in the direction perpendicular to the slit length as measured in the plane of detection. For the block collimation system under consideration here, this profile is asynunetric and determines the smallest q-value accessible by the SAXS-camera. It results from the convolution of the intensity along the x-direction and the resolution function characterizing the finite resolution of the counter. 

Subtraction of solvent-induced background. Although the block-coUimation system used in the camera discussed above suppresses most of the parasitic scattering at low angles, several other effects may lead to a considerable backgroimd which must be subtracted carefully from the measured intensities. To assess this problem in further detail. Fig. 10 gives a comparison of the different contributions to the measured scattering intensity of a polystyrene latex of 150 nm diameter [73]. 

Inspection requirements and methods must be defined for the TBS. Inspection is assisted by the transparency of the molten salts, but still must be performed at elevated temperature. Visual inspection is assumed to be possible using actively cooled, submersible camera systems with sapphire viewing windows. Other inspection methods may also be adaptable to the TBS but have not as yet been evaluated. Here it is assumed that corrosion of carbon-based materials (particularly C/C 0-rings) will be sufficiently slow that inspection of flexible C/C seals between blocks will not be required over the life of the TBS. 

O. Kratky, H. Stabinger, X-ray small angle camera with block-exrllimation system an instrument of colloid research. Colloid Polym. Sci. 262(5), 345-360 (1984). doi 10.1007/BF01410252... 

Figure 6.3 Schematic of block collimation system in a Kratky-camera. Here, S is the entrance slit, Bn and B2 are the two collimating blocks, R is the plane of detection, and F is a focal plane.

A bomb can be considered to contain four functional blocks, namely, a control system, a detonator, a booster, and a main charge. Although a simple ignition fuse can be used as a control system and timing device, the control system is usually more mechanical or electrical in nature. The detection of control systems may be visual, or by magnetometry, or by X-ray. It must be remembered that many of the items involved in the ignition system, that is, clockwork, batteries, or electronic circuitry, are commonplace in ordinary items, such as cameras, mobile telephones, and personal stereos, and are not unique indicators of the presence of a bomb. In fact, it is the presence of explosives that is the key indicator of a bomb. 

FIGURE 1.14 Seen here is the hk0 zone diffraction pattern from a crystal of M4 dogfish lactate dehydrogenase obtained using a precession camera. It is based on a tetragonal crystal system and, therefore, exhibits a fourfold axis of symmetry. The hole at center represents the point where the primary X-ray beam would strike the film (but is blocked by a circular beamstop). Note the very predictable positions of the diffraction intensities. All the intensities, or reflections, fall at regular intervals on an orthogonal net, or lattice. This lattice in diffraction space is called the reciprocal lattice. 

Modern PET scanners can have 10,000-35,000 detectors arranged in blocks and coupled to several hundred PM tubes. Because of the variations in the gain of PM tubes, location of the detector in the block, and the physical variation of the detector, the detection efficiency of a detector pair varies from pair to pair, resulting in nonuniformity of the raw data. This effect in dedicated PET systems is similar to that encountered in conventional scintillation cameras used for SPECT and PET studies. The method of correction for this effect is termed the normalization. Normalization of the acquired data is accomplished by exposing uniformly all detector pairs to a 511-keV photon source (e.g., 68Ge source), without a subject in the field of view. Data are collected for all detector pairs in both 2D and 3D modes, and normalization... 

The camera, including the lens, is cooled in the harsh environment by compressed air from a mechanical air conditioner that circulates under positive pressure to cool the camera housing. Compressed air from a separate source goes through the protective lens tube and out its end. An air filtration system removes aerosols, vapor, oil, and particles as small as 0.03 microns. Automatic retractors pull the tube and camera back about 2 feet if the kiln shuts down. Additional cameras can be mounted in the clinker-cooler area to monitor "bridging," where material could accumulate and block removal of the cooled limestone. 

Fig. 1.9 System for ECL immunoarray a discrete wells in red on a 1 x 1 in. pyrolytic graphite chip (on left, black). SWCNT forests are surrounded by hydrophobic polymer (white) to make microwells on the chip. Wells have SWCNT forests in their bottoms decorated with primary antibodies. Wells are filled with sample solutions and incubated to capture the analyte proteins. After washing, RuBPY-silica nanoparticles with cognate secondary antibodies are added and bind to the captured protein analytes. Appropriate washing with blocking buffers minimizes nonspecific binding, b The chip is placed in an open top electrochemical cell, 0.95 V vs. SCE is applied, and ECL is measured with a CCD camera...

Figure 10 An overview of small-animal upconversion imager (SAUCI) system. Illumination is provided by a 2 W laser diode. The diode is cooled through an aluminum block by a Peltier device attached to a heat sink. The laser light is collimated, filtered, and diffused. Images are captured by the camera following focusing by the lens assembly and filtering by laser reject filters. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 68. The Optical Society, 2008.)...

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