Blackbird

Avitrol [504-24-5] (4-anHnopyridine) (24), mp 155—158°C, bp 273°C, has repeUent—toxicant properties for birds and is classed as a severe poison and irritant. This secondary bird repeUent can be used as a broadcast bait, causing uncoordinated flight and distress caUs and escape responses in nearby birds (57). A reevaluation shows lack of effectiveness of 1% baits but better control of blackbirds with 3% baits (58). Suspected contamination of drinking water with 4-aminopyridine has been reported in toxicosis of Brahman catde and horses (59). 

Pressure-acid leaching was used to extract cobalt from Blackbird mine ores before its closing in 1974. The result was a very fine cobalt powder which was subjected to a seeding process to produce cobalt granules. Leaching methods are also used in the refinement of lateritic ores. 

Hudon, J. and Muir, A.D., Characterization of the reflective materials and organelles in the bright irides of North American blackbirds (Icterinae), Pigment Cell Res., 9, 96, 1996. 

Bishop CA, Koster MD, Chek AA, HusseU DJT, Jock K. 1995a. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 491-501. 

Wolfe MF, Kendall RJ. 1998. Age-dependent toxicity of terbufos and diazinon to European starlings (Stumis vulgaris) and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaiusphoeniceus). Environ Toxicol Chem 17 1300-1312. 

Blackbird, Turdus meru a first primary feathers Germany 1984-86 metals-contaminated site Age of bird (days) and feather treatment ... 

Weyers, B. and E. Gluck. 1988. Investigation of the significance of heavy metal content of blackbird feathers. Sci. Total Environ. 77 61-17. 

Common blackbird, Turdus merula, from metals-contaminated area (1750 mg Zn/kg DW soil), feathers of various age (days), feathers washed or unwashed before analysis 4 days, unwashed 100 DW 76... 

Schafer, E.W., Jr., R.B. Brunton, N.F. Lockyer, and J.W. DeGrazio. 1973. Comparative toxicity of seventeen pesticides to the quelea, house sparrow, and red-winged blackbird. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26 154-157. 

No reproduction in blue-winged teal (Anas discors) and northern shovelers (Anas dypeata) reproduction inhibited by 60% in coots (Fulicia americana) and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) disruption of food cycles in marsh was probable cause (NRCC 1975)... 

LD50 reached in 6-7 days for starlings, cowbirds, and red-winged blackbirds (Stickel et al. 1979)... 

Meyers, S.M., B.T. Marden, R.S. Bennett, and R. Bentley. 1992. Comparative response of nestling European starlings and red-winged blackbirds to an oral administration of either dimethoate or chlorpyrifos. Jour. Wild. Dis. 28 400-406. 

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