Black tail

When the natural product source contains racemic mixtures (of isomeric forms), then clearly the assignment of signal value to either or both variants of a compound needs to be determined. Alterations in receptor detection of chirality can change sensitivity to the geometrically alternate compound over the range 101 to 106. Of the lactones passed into urine and deposited on tarsal hairs of Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus... 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Wade, O. 1924. The effectiveness of calcium cyanide in the extermination of the black tail prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord.). Jour. Econ. Entomol. 17 339-342. 

Black-tailed jack rabbit, Lepus LD50 5, 11... 

Fed internal organs for 3 days of 1080-killed black-tailed prairie dogs 1 of 10 ferrets died and 5 others showed signs of 1080 poisoning all affected ferrets recovered 24-48 h after exposure 50... 

Fed ground whole carcasses (less skin, skull, and feet) of black-tailed prairie dogs that died of 1080 poisoning. Carcasses contained 0.05-0.1 mg fluoroacetate/kg FW No adverse effects after 28 days 23... 

Flueck, W.T. 1994. Effect of trace elements on population dynamics selenium deficiency in free-ranging black-tailed deer. Ecology 75 807-812. 

As a result of nuclear weapons testing, mandibles of Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from California increased from <9 Bq 90Sr/kg ash weight (AW) to >204 Bq/kg AW between 1952 and 1960 (Table 32.14) (Schultz and Longhurst 1963). Age and season affected strontium kinetics in male mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the period of antler... 

Black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, California Muscle vs. rumen contents, 1968-69, 137Cs ... 

Book, S.A. 1969. Fallout Cesium-137 Accumulation in Two Subpopulations of Black-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). M.A. thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley. 61 pp. 

Schultz, V. and W.M. Longhurst. 1963. Accumulation of strontium-90 in yearling Columbian black-tailed deer, 1950-1960. Pages 73-76 in V. Schultz, and A.W. Klement, Jr. (eds.). Radioecology. Reinhold, New York. 

Muller-Schwarze, M.D., Volkman, N.J. and Zemanek, K.F. (1977) Osmetrichia specialised scent hair in black tailed deer. J. Ultrastructural Research. 59, 223-230. 

Miiller-Schwarze, D. (1972) The responses of young black-tailed deer to predator odors. J. Mammal. 53, 393-394. 

Tarsal, metatarsal, caudal, interdigital and preorbital glandular structures have been described in the black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus. The tarsal organ received considerable attention from chemists and behavioral scientists during the early years of chemical research on mammalian semiochemicals. The major constituent of the complex mixture of volatile compounds associated with the tarsal hair tuft of this mule deer, (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide [ 125], was subsequently found to be a mixture of the R and S enantiomers in a ratio of 89 11 respectively [ 126]. It was later found that this compound does not originate in the tarsal structure itself, but that it is extracted from the animal s urine by the tarsal hair tuft, which is specially adapted to extract lipids from urine [127]. 

Both male and female black-tailed deer, 0. h. columbianus, rub their foreheads on twigs and branches. Several studies have indicated that this behavior functions as visual and olfactory signposts [ 130]. A qualitative and quantitative... 

Tarsal gland Black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columhianus... 

Special modified hair in the region of a scent gland can enhance its function. Such scent hairs have been termed osmetrichia (Miiller-Schwarze et ah, 1977 Fig. 3.12). They may be stiff bristles with surface chambers formed by their cuticular scales, as in the tarsal tuft of black-tailed deer (Fig. 3.12a), spoon or spatula like, as in the ventral gland of the Mongolian gerbil Meriories unguiculatus Fig. 3.12d), or a wick formed by a hollow medulla and vacuolated cortical... 

FIGURE 6.6 Secretion marking in the black-tailed deer. A male scent marks by rubbing the side of his head against a post while opening the pouch of the antorbital (AOG) (or preorbital) gland. (Photograph D. Miiller-Schwarze.)... 

Black-tailed deer Equally often during estrus and diestrus Milller-Schwarze, 1979... 

Maternal imprinting occurs more rapidly than filial imprinting. An ungulate mother such as a goat (Klopfer and Gambale, 1966) or black-tailed deer (Miiller-Schwarze and Miiller-Schwarze, 1971) will irreversibly and exclusively... 

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