Surface black

J. L. Moilliet, B. Collie, and W. Black, Surface Activity, E. F. N. Spon, London, 1961. D. H. Napper, Polymeric Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions, Academic, New York,... 

Blackbody Radiation Engineering calculations of thermal radiation from surfaces are best keyed to the radiation characteristics of the blackbody, or ideal radiator. The characteristic properties of a blackbody are that it absorbs all the radiation incident on its surface and that the quality and intensity of the radiation it emits are completely determined by its temperature. The total radiative fliix throughout a hemisphere from a black surface of area A and absolute temperature T is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law ... 

The first and second Planck-law constants c and C9 are respectively (3.740)(10- ) (Jm )/s and (1.4388)(10- ) m K. The term clearly a function only of the product XT, is given in Fig. 5-11 which may be visualized as the monochromatic emissive power versus wavelength measured in vacuo of a black surface at 1 K discharging in vacuo. 

Emittanee and Absorptanee The ratio of the total radiating power of a real surface to that of a black surface at the same temperature is called the emittanee of the surface (for a perfectly plane surface, the emissivity), designated by . Subscripts X, 0, and n may be assigned to differentiate monochromatic, directional, and surface-normal values respectively from the total hemispherical value. If radi-... 

Non-Black-Surface Enclosures In the following discussion we are concerned with enclosures containing gray sources and sinks, radiatively adiabatic surfaces, and no absorbing gas. The calculation of interchange between a source and a sink under conditions involving successive multiple reflections from other source-sink surfaces in the... 

The gas absorptivity may also be obtained from the constants for emissivities. The product CiaTi absorptivity for black surface radiation), x (surface temperature), is gTi evaluated at T instead of Tg and at pL-Ti/Tc instead of pL, then multiplied by (Tg/Ti), or... 

Pyrometers Planck s distribution law gives the radiated energy flux qb(X, T)dX in the wavelength range X to X -1- dX from a black surface ... 

Donnet, J. B., Vidal A. Carbon Black-Surface Properties and Interactions with Elastomers. Vol. 76, pp. 103-128. 

Since radiation arriving at a black surface is completely absorbed, no problems arise from multiple reflections. Radiation is emitted from a diffuse surface in all directions and therefore only a proportion of the radiation leaving a surface arrives at any other given surface. This proportion depends on the relative geometry of the surfaces and this may be taken into account by the view factor, shape factor or configuration F, which is normally written as F, for radiation arriving at surface j from surface i. In this way, F,y, which is, of course, completely independent of the surface temperature, is the fraction of radiation leaving i which is directly intercepted by j. 

If radiant heat transfer is taking place between two black surfaces. 1 and 2, then ... 

Equation 9.127 may be extended in order to determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer from a surface in an enclosure. If the enclosure contains n black surfaces, then the net heat transfer by radiation to surface i is given by ... 

A black surface will not only absorb all of this radiation but will also emit radiation, and the net rate at which radiation is exchanged between the gas and the surface at temperature Ts is given by ... 

Dole, M. Calorimetric Studies of States and Transitions in Solid High Polymers. Vol. 2, pp. 221-274. Donnet, J. B., Vidal, A. Carbon Black-Surface Properties and Interactions with Elastomers. Vol. 76, pp. 103-128. 

Polymer-filler interaction of carbon black surface... 

FIGURE 33.2 Dispersive component of carbon black surface energy as a function of its surface area. 

A new method for achieving stable attachment of organic functional groups to carbon black surface using diazonium chemistry, has been applied to the 4-aminophenyl disulhde (APDS) precursor. ... 

Incorporation - the carbon black is distributed into the rubber matrix but not into the desired state for complete reinforcement. At this stage of mixing the rubber penetrates the voids in the large agglomerates of carbon black. It is also at this stage that strong interaction between the rubber and black surface occurs in the case of small particle sized blacks with low structure, which makes the next step of dispersion difficult to achieve. 

Gillies, K.J.S. and Urch, D.S. (1983). Spectroscopic studies of iron and carbon in black surfaced wares. Archaeometry 25 29-44. 

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