Bituminous matter

In a somewhat more materialistic mood in 1710, Homberg published Observations sur les matieres sulphureuses sur la facilite de les changes d une espece de soufre en une autre.He divides sulphureous matters into three classes (i) when the sulphur principle is held in an earthy matter, e.g, common sulfur, charbon de terre, jet, asphalt, yellow amber, etc. (2) When it is held in an aqueous matter, e.g. animal vegetable oils or bituminous matter. (3) When it is held in a mercurial matter, it produces metallic sulphur. 

Brief interpretation of infrared spectra of bituminous matter of chloroform extract... 

Derivation Indefinite mixture of iron oxide and organic matter. Obtained from bog-earth, peat deposits, or ochers that contain bituminous matter. 

To the expulsion of bituminous matter from coals, and certain minerals and ores. 

Shrupuel nre commonly filled with leaden musket-bnlls, melted sulphur or bituminous matter is poured in to fill up the luierstlci s, and a chamber suffleieutty large to eoutaiu the burstiug charge is bored out beneath the fUse-bole. 

The low pressure environment required for natural combustion of these rocks makes them an extreme case where each specific metamorphic reaction will have taken place at as low a temperature as possible because the volatilization reactions have positive P-T slopes. Furthermore, exchange is likely with air or groundwater, which are involved as oxidants. Values of 5 C in Mottled Zone calcites cannot be explained by volatilization. Low values of 5 C, and the unusual slope in Figure 4, reflect high temperature exchange of carbonates with bituminous matter (Kolodny and Gross 1974 Matthews and Kolodny 1978). 

Makhous M (1975) Bituminous matter in the native sulfur deposits of Syria. Bulletin Lithology and Mineral Resources 10(2)... 

American clays which contain ochre and bituminous matter. 

Cologne Earth, Cologne Brown n A pigment, sometimes referred to erroneously as Vandyke hrown, made from roasted American clays which contain ochre and bituminous matter. See Vandyke Brown. 

Coals (the plural is deliberately used because coal has no defined, uniform nature or structure) are fossil sources with low hydrogen content. The structure of coals means only the structural models depicting major bonding types and components relating changes with coal rank. Coal is classified, or ranked, as lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. This is also the order of increased aromaticity and decreased volatile matter. The H C ratio of bituminous coal is about 0.8, whereas anthracite has H C ratios as low as 0.2. 

Briquettes bum similarly to bituminous coal, although some tend to disintegrate on combustion. Alow (<6-7%) ash content increases the possibility of disintegration. Normal combustion depletes the combined oxygen and volatile matter in the coal quiddy, effectively changing its composition and combustion behavior, making control of combustion difficult. 

It is incorrect to refer to bitumen as tar or pitch. Although the word tar is somewhat descriptive of the black bituminous material, it is best to avoid its use in referring to natural materials. More correctly, the name tar is usually appHed to the heavy product remaining after the destmctive distillation of coal (qv) or other organic matter. Pitch is the distillation residue of the various types of tar (see Tar and pitch). 

Geochemical Stage. The conversion of peat to bituminous coal is the result of the cumulative effects of temperature and pressure over a long time. The sediment covering the peat provides the pressure and insulation so that the earth s internal heat can be appUed to the conversion. The temperature increase is about 4 to 8°C for each 100 m of depth. The changes in plant matter are termed normal coalification. 

Coal Hquefaction iavolves raising the atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio from approximately 0.8/1.0 for a typical bituminous coal, to 2/1 for Hquid transportation fuels or 4/1 for methane (4). In this process, molecular weight reduction and removal of mineral matter and heteroatoms such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen may need to be effected. 

Three West Virginia coals were supplied by the West Virgmia Geological Survey (WVGS). The particular coals were chosen on the basis of rank, petrographic composition, and mineral matter content The coals were limited to the bituminous rank since these coals are the most amenable to the NMP solvent extraction process and are mdigenous to the Appalachian region. Some of the coal characteristics are listed in Table 2. 

FIGURE 15.7 Secondary changes in the total group composition of soluble organic matter as a result of simulated water washing extracts of the Miocene lignite and shale (both of the Bechatow open cast mine, Poland), the Upper Devonian shale (the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), and the Upper Carboniferous bituminous coal (the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland). 

Table I shows that most of the South African bituminous coal contain high quantities of mineral matter which is often intimately associated with the organic matter of the coal. About half of the resources yield between 30 and 35 per cent ash.

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