Bismuth toxicology

Toxicology. Bismuth telluride, either alone or doped with selenium sulfide, is apparently of very low toxicity. 

An example of a new material without toxicological problems is the brilliant yellow, bismuth vanadate. Cl Pigment Yellow 184, made by the reaction of bismuth nitrate with sodium vanadate, followed by calcining at 300-700 °C. 

Bismuth, C., Irms, R.H., Marrs, T.C. (1992). Efficacy, toxicity and clinical use of oximes in anticholinesterase poisoning. In Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates (B. Ballantyne, T.C. Marrs, eds). Chapter 52, pp. 555-77. Butterworth-Heinemarm, Oxford. 

Pharmacology and toxicology of organic bismuth, arsenic and antimony... 

Antimony, which is considered a nonessential element, is comparable in its toxicological behavior to arsenic and bismuth. In analogy to arsenic, trivalent antimony compounds generally are more toxic than the pentavalent compounds. Poisoning with antimony and its compounds can result from acute and chronic exposure, especially from exposure to... 

Wormser, U. Nir, I. In Chemistry of Organic Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Compounds, Patai, S. Ed. Wiley New York, 1994 Chapter 18, Pharmacology and toxicology of organic bismuth, arsenic and antimony compounds, pp 715-723. 

Pedersen LH, Stoltenberg M, Ernst E, and West MJ (2003) Leydig cell death in rats exposed to bismuth subnitrate. Journal of Applied Toxicology 23 235-238. 

Fowler BA and Vouk V (1986) Bismuth. In Eriberg L, etal. (eds.) Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 2nd edn. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Ballantyne, B., Bismuth, C., and Hall, A., Cyanides chemical warfare agent and potential terrorist threat, in Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment, Marrs, T.C., Maynard, R.L., and Sidell, E.R., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2006. 

Emmerlin G, Sghaller KH and Valentin HS (1986) Actual knowledge on antimony, bismuth and other metals, and their compounds, and feasibility of quantitative determination in biological materials in Occupational medicine and toxicology (in German) Zentralbl Arbeitsmed 36, pp. 258-265. 

Plisek V, Keatky j and HABNEC B (1970) Gray discoloration of the skin in a patient on a long-term bismuth therapy. Vnitr Lek 16 1085-1090. Plunket ER (1987) Handbook of Industrial Toxicology, 3rd edition. Edward Arnold London. 

Thomas DW, Hartley TF, Coyle P and Sobegki S (1977) Clinical and laboratory investigations of the metabolism of bismuth containing pharmaceuticals by man and dogs. In Brown SS, ed. Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Toxicology of Metals, pp. 293-296. Elsevier/N. Holland Biomedical Press Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Bismuth C, Baud FJ, Pontal PG. 1988. Hydroxocobalamin in chronic cyanide poisoning. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Experimentation 8 35-38. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 3334 mg/kg corrosive causes burns irritating to eyes, skin, respiratory system harmful by inh., ing., skin contact extremely destructive to tissue of mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes, skin inh. may cause spasm/inflamm. of larynx/bronchi, chem. pneumonitis, pulmonary edema chronic exposure may cause bismuth line (gray blue deposition in the gum area) may cause excess salivation, foul breath TSCA listed... 

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