Bismuth Institute

Technical information concerning bismuth and its compounds is distributed periodically by the Bismuth Institute, a nonprofit organisation incorporated in La Pas, BoUvia, that has an information center in Bmssels. 

Bhmingham Metal Company Ltd., 207 Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, 25 Bis(chloromethyl) ether, 25 Bis(chloromethyl) ketone, 25 Bis(2-EthyUiexyl) phthalate, 25 Bismuth and Bismuth Compounds, 25 Bismuth Institute, 256 Bismuth telluride, 26 Bisphenol-A, 26 Bithionol, 26 Bitmac Ltd., 207, 236 Bitoscanate, 26 Bitoumina SA, 167... 

BBl(suppl.) Arellano, M.E., Guzman, L.A. The Bullen of the Bismuth Institute, 1974, Suppl. 

BBI(suppl.) Palmieri, Y. The Bulletin of the Bismuth Institute, 1993, Suppl. 93BCJ347 Ueda, W., Yamazaki, M., Horikawa, Y. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1993, 66,... 

During 1962 - 1997 a munber of NSs with lead-bismuth LMC in the primary circuit were in operation in the Russian Navy. Reactors of such NSs developed imder scientific management of the Russian Research Center Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (RRC IPPE, below IPPE), Obninsk, fall into the category of intermediate-neutron reactors [1]. Fuel composition of LMC reactors comprises intermetallic compoimd UBen with enrichment up to 90 % dispersed over beryllium matrix. Some characteristics of such-type NSs are demonstrated in Table 1. 

One fateful day in 1980, as the people down at the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers like to tell the story, Rustum Roy, a physical chemist at Penn State, became disenchanted with his experiments in superconductivity, which is the ability of some substances, when cooled to very low temperatures, to conduct electricity without resistance and without loss. He had been experimenting for five years with ceramics—notably with a barium-lead-bismuth oxide mixture—but despite the long hours and the hard work, he could not get his concoction to superconduct at temperatures any higher than a few degrees above what one might encounter in outer space. 

In February of 1988, however, Chu—and researchers working on their own at the National Institute for Metals at Japan s City of Brains, at Tsukuba—came up with something that finally seemed legitimate. The compounds used by the two groups were very similar, mixtures of bismuth—a crystalline metal used to make alloys, heat-activated safety devices for fire detection and sprinkler systems, and medical and cosmetic preparations—strontium, calcium, copper, and oxygen (Chu s also contained aluminum). The Japanese ceramic had zero resistance at 105° K, Chu s at 114° K. 

Bom in 1969 at Tsuna in Awaji Island. Graduated in chemistry at Ehime University in 1992 and obtained his Ph.D. in 1997 from Kyoto University. Appointed Assistant Professor, Kyoto Institute of Technology, in 1997. His research interests are mainly concerned with molecular recognition and development of bismuth-based fungicides. 

Levi, F.A., R. Zidani, J.-M. Vannetzel, B. Perpoint, C. Focan, R. Faggiulo, P. Chollet, C. Garufi, M. Itzhaki, L. Dogliotti, S. lacobelli, R. Adam, F. Kunstlinger, J. Gastiaburu, H. Bismuth, C. Jasmin J.L. Misset. 1994. Chronomodulated versus fixed-infusion-rate delivery of ambulatory chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid (leucovorin) in patients with colorectal cancer metastases a randomized multi-institutional trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 86 1608-17. 

Studies of lead-bismuth and lead-cooled fast reactors are being carried out in the Russian Federation (RF) organizations Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE) and EDO... 

GIDROPRESS, in which a great deal of experience has been accumulated in the course of the development and operation of submarine reactors cooled with lead-bismuth eutectic. However, bismuth is expensive and the resources are limited. It is possible that its use must be confined to special applications, such as small reactors or to a limited number of fast reactors. For this reason lead cooling is also being studied in the IPPE, Kurchatov Institute, and other organization [2.19-2.26]. 

Marie Curie s Radium Institute at the east end of the Rue Pierre Curie in the Latin Quarter, built just before the war with funds from the French government and the Pasteur Foundation, had the advantage in any studies that required polonium. Radon gas decays over time to three only mildly radioactive isotopes lead 210, bismuth 210 and polonium 210, which thus become available for chemical separation. Medical doctors throughout the world then used radon sealed into glass ampules— seeds —for cancer treatment. When the radon decayed, which it did in a matter of days, the seeds no longer served. Many physicians sent them on to Paris as a tribute to the woman who discovered radium. They accumulated to the world s largest source of polonium. 

James, J. A. and Trotman, J., Corrosion of Steels in Liquid Bismuth and Lead, Joumal of the Iron Steel Institute, London, Vol. 194, 1960, pp. 319-323. 

To achieve a long-life safe simple small portable proliferation-resistant reactor, a lead-bismuth-eutectic (LBE) coolant was selected as the best candidate. The original concept of a long-life small LBE cooled fast reactor was proposed more than 10 years ago [XXV-3], which was the world s first trial of this kind. The name of this reactor, the LBE cooled long-life safe simple small portable proliferation-resistant reactor (LSPR) distinguishes it from similar reactors proposed by other institutes. 

XXV-5] BUONGIORNO, J., TODREAS, N.E., KAZIMI, M., Thermal design of lead-bismuth cooled reactors for actinide burning and power production, MIT-ANP-TR-066, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts (1999). 

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