Birkeland

Birch leaf extract Birch reduction Birch-type reactions Bird feathers Bird repellents Bireactive dyes Birkeland-Eyde process Birnessite [1244-32-5] b-Bisabolene [495-61-4]... 

The first such process was the Birkeland-Eyde process for N2 oxidation, implemented in 1905 (12). In this process, air is passed through an electric arc at temperatures above 3000°C to generate nitric oxide [10102-43-9] NO. 

At about the same time that the Birkeland-Eyde process was developed, the Frank-Caro cyanamide process was commercialized (14). In this process limestone is heated to produce lime, which then reacts with carbon in a highly energy-demanding reaction to give calcium carbide. Reaction with N2 gives calcium cyanamide [150-62-7] which hydrolyzes to ammonia and calcium carbonate (see Cyanamides). 

The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

A valuable extension of the diazomethane reaction for the preparation of A-homosteroids was discovered by Johnson, Neeman and Birkeland " who found that a,j5-unsaturated ketones are homologated by reaction with diazomethane in the presence of either fluoroboric acid or boron trifluoride. The main product is formed by the insertion of a methylene group between the carbonyl group and the unsaturated a-carbon to give a / ,y-unsaturated ketone. 

Birkeland-Eyde industrial oxidation of N2 to NO and hence HNO3 (now obsolete). 

Before 1900 the large-scale production of nitric acid was based entirely on the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with NaNOa and KNOj (p. 407). The first successful process for making nitric acid directly from Ni and O2 was devised in 1903 by E. Birkeland and S. Eyde in Norway and represented the first industrial fixation of nitrogen ... 

Birkeland, P. W. (1999). Soils and Geomorphology." 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York. 

P. Lokken, J. Birkeland, and E. Sannes, pH changes in dental plaque caused by sweetened iron containing medicine, Scand. J. Dent. Res, 83, 279 (1975). 

Bjelland S, Birkeland NK, Benneche T, Volden G, Seeberg E (1994) J Biol Chem 269 30489... 

Birkeland, A. J. (1982). Plasma melatonin levels and nocturnal transitions between sleep and wakefulness. Neuroendocrinology 34, 126-31. 

Figure 1.4. Phase diagram for the system K O-AfCVSiCVF O at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere. Open circles are analytical data for water from springs or seeps in a granitic terrain in the Sierra Nevada (from Feth and others) (%) (from Birkeland, 1984, after Feth and others, 1964. Reprinted from Soils and Geomorphology, pill, Copyright (1984), with permission from Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford)...

Birkeland P. Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press. 1984. 

Birefringent (BR) LCDs, 15 115 Birefringent modulator, 17 446 Birkeland-Eyde process, 17 291-292... 

N1 -acylsulfanilamides, 23 508 A21-heterocyclic derivatives, 23 508 Ar -heterocyclic-Ar -acylsulfanilamides, 23 508 A21-heterocyclic sulfanilamides, 23 507—508 2V-(2-aminoethyl)-l,3-propylenediamine physical properties, 5 486t 2V-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine (AEP), 5 485 N2 oxidation, Birkeland-Eyde process of, 27 291-292, 316. See also Dinitrogen entries Nitrogen entries N3 -P5 phosphoramidates, 27 630-631 Na+, detection in blood, 24 54. See also Sodium entries Nabarro-Herring creep, 5 626 Nacol 18, chain length and linearity, 2 10t Nacreous pigments, 7 836-837 19 412 Nacrite, 6 659... 

Birkeland C (1997) Geographic differences in ecological processes on coral reefs. In Birkeland C (ed) Life and death on coral reefs. Chapman Hall, New York, pp 273-287 Bock KW, Lipp HP, Bock-Henniq BS (1990) Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by xenobi-otics. Xenobiotica 20 1101-1 111... 

Brown JR, Koretke KK, Birkeland ML, Sanseau P, Patrick DR (2004) BMC Evol Biol 4 39... 

M.J. Larsen, F.R. vonderFehr, J.M. Birkeland, Effect of fluoride on the saturation of an acetate buffer with respect to hydroxyapatite. Arch. Oral Biol. 21 (1976) 723-728. 

Appendix 5. Sturmfels Series Coincides with the Birkeland Series... 

Recently Passare and Tsikh (2004) provided the detailed description of the domains of convergence of multi-dimensional hypergeometric series representing the roots of algebraic equations. They have relied on results of Birkeland obtained in 1920s. Birkeland found the Taylor series solutions to algebraic equations of the type... 

Birkeland s formula (60) applied to the dehomogenized polynomial 1+y+h ) gives the following series (see Passare and Tsikh, 2004). 

For certain types of the series the explicit inequalities involving "mirror reflections" of the discriminant were possible (Passare and Tsikh, 2004). The situation is clearer for series depending on fewer variables. For instance, applying Birkeland approach, we can reduce to two the number of parameters in the case of cubic equation. The "thermodynamic branch" corresponds to the Birkeland series (60) for p — 0 and q—1. The discriminant for cubic equation in Birkeland form is... 

APPENDIX 5. STURMFELS SERIES COINCIDES WITH THE BIRKELAND SERIES FOR THE CASE OF THERMODYNAMIC BRANCH ... 

Bird repellents Bireactive dyes Birkeland-Eyde process Birnessite [1244-32-5]... 

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