Birds white

Kay M, Darling G R, Holloway S, White J A and Bird D M 1995 Steering effects in non-activated adsorption Chem. Phys. Lett 245 311... 

J.A. White and D.M. Bird, Implementation of gradient corrected exchange-correlation potentials in Car-... 

There have been a nnmber of estimates of bioconcentration factors for total PCBs in aqnatic species following long-term exposure to PCB mixtures (EHC 140). Values for both invertebrates and hsh have been extremely variable, ranging from values below 1 to many thonsands. Bioaccnmnlation factors for birds and mammals for different Aroclors have indicated only limited degrees of bioaccumulation from food, for example, 6.6 and 14.8 for the whole carcasses of big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus) and white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), respectively (see Environmental Health Criteria 140). 

Holloway J, Scheuhammer AM, Chan HM. 2003. Assessment of white blood cell phagocytosis as an immunological indicator of methyhnercury exposure in birds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44 493-501. 

Birds eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy intake, but this does not mean that they will eat enough protein, unless the protein proportion in the rotation is high. Protein quality is also important, the two most essential amino acids being lysine and methionine. The best quality protein for all poultry is white fishmeal (banned only for ruminants by the Soil Association). The best vegetable protein is soya bean which is low in methionine, but this can be made up by using sunflower meal in the ration. 

Jiu Shan White Hair Jiu Shan Green Sword Jiu Shan Green Bud Jiu Shan Bird Tongue... 

A total of 48 White Leghorn pullets approximately 6 months of age were used in the experiment. Thirty-two pullets were selected at random from the original 48 birds, and divided into four groups of 8 birds each. One group was then assigned to each mash made with the hay dusted with 0, 1, 2, and 4 pounds of technical DDT per acre. 

Pesticides accumulate in fetal cells and reproductive organs in mammals, birds, and fish due to biochemical processes. This is noted especially often for OCPs, which were observed in large amounts (up to 6.8 mg/kg) in, for example, the sexual organs of hares, rabbits, pheasants, green-winged teals, and in white-eyed and red-headed ducks. They were found in animal embryos, as well as in black thrush eggs and in pheasant embryos and amniotic fluid (up to 73.0 mg/kg) [3]. 

Therapeutic proteins have also been successfully expressed in the urine and seminal fluid of various transgenic animals. Again, issues of sample collection, volume of collected fluid and the appropriateness of these systems render unlikely their industrial-scale adoption. One system that does show industrial promise, however, is the targeted production of recombinant proteins in the egg white of transgenic birds. Targeted production is achieved by choice of an appropriate... 

Birds are comparatively resistant to the biocidal properties of cadmium. Adult drake mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed up to 200 mg cadmium per kg diet for 90 days all survived with no loss of body weight (White and Linley 1978). Laying hens fed 200 mg Cd/kg diet also survived egg production was suppressed at that concentration but not at lower concentrations (White and Linley 1978). Marine and terrestrial animals, including ducks, have been shown to be particularly abundant in a wildlife community associated with a marine sewer outfall (Brown et al. 1977). These animals were contaminated with high levels of cadmium, as well as zinc and copper, but were apparently protected from the deleterious effects of high metal body burdens by metallothioneins. Amounts... 

Flickinger, E.L., C.A. Mitchell, D.H. White, and E.J. Kolbe. 1986. Bird poisoning from misuse of the carbamate furadan in a Texas rice field. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14 59-62.FMC. 1979. Technical Bulletin, Furadan. FMC Corp., Middleport, NY. 4 pp. 

Stone, W.B. and J.C. Okoniewski. 1988. Organochlorine pesticide-related mortalities of raptors and other birds in New York, 1982-1986. Pages 429-438 in T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander, and C.M. White (eds.). Peregrine Falcon Populations Their Management and Recovery. The Peregrine Fund, Inc., Boise, ID. 

White, D.H., L.E. Hayes, and P.B. Bush. 1989. Case histories of wild birds killed intentionally with famphur in Georgia and West Virginia. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 25 184-188. 

White, D.H., C.A. Mitchell, H.D. Kennedy, AJ. Krynitsky, and M.A. Ribick. 1983. Elevated DDE and toxaphene residues in fishes and birds reflect local contamination in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Southwest. Natur. 28 325-333. 

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