Biphenyls environmental

Dunnivant, F.M., Elzerman, A. W., Jure, P. C. Hasan, M. N. (1992). Quantitative structure-property relationships for aqueous solubilities and Henry s Law constants of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Science Technology, 26(8), 1567-73. 

McGroddy, S. E., J. W. Farrington, and P. M. Gschwend. 1996. Comparison of the in situ and desorption sediment and water partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Science and Technology 30 172. 

IPCS (1994) International Programme on Chemical Safety. Polybrominated Biphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 152, World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland Pijnenburg AMCM, Everts JW, de Boer J, Boon JP (1995) Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 141 1... 

Hawthorne SB. Miller DJ. 1987a. Directly coupled supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatographic analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls environmental from solids. J Chromatogr 403 63-76. 

Gouin, T.W., Thomas, G.O., Cousins, L, Barber, J., Mackay, D., Jones, K.C. 2002. Air-surface exchange of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Science Technology 36, 1426-1434. 

The widespread use of biphenyl and methyl-substituted biphenyls as dye carriers (qv) in the textile industry has given rise to significant environmental concern because of the amount released to the environment in wastewater effluent. Although biphenyl and simple alkylbiphenyls are themselves biodegradable (48—50), the prospect of their conversion by chlorination to PCBs in the course of wastewater treatment has been a subject of environmental focus (51—53). Despite the fact that the lower chlorinated biphenyls are also fairly biodegradable (49,54,55) continued environmental concern has resulted in decreased use of biphenyl as a dye carrier (see Dyes, environmental chemistry). 

Table 7. Properties of Biphenyl and Terphenyls of Environmental Importance...

Historically, polychloriaated biphenyls (PCBs) and to a lesser extent polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) were the most important derivatives of the respective polyphenyls. When they came to be recognized as serious environmental contaminants, production ceased in the early 1970s. These products are now of significance primarily because of thek environmental aftereffects (62). Much environmental research and governmental regulations stem therefrom... 

In earlier editions of the Eniyclopedia there have been articles covering the properties, manufacture, capacities, etc, of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated naphthalenes, benzene hexachloride, and chlorinated derivatives of cyclopentadiene. These materials are no longer in commercial use because of their toxicity. However, they stiU impact on the chemical industry because of residual environmental problems. Their toxicity and environmental impact are discussed (see Cm.OROCARBONSANDCm.OROHYDROCARBONS, TOXIC aromatics). 

Benzene monoxide-oxepin and its sulfur analog are treated elsewhere (Chapter 5.1.7) (67AG(E)385). However, we point out here that electron-withdrawing substituents often favor the benzene oxide tautomer. The first study on oxides of the environmentally hazardous polychloro- and polybromo-biphenyls shows that they exist mainly in the benzene oxide form (81JOC3721). Oxides of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) also exist mainly in the fused-ring oxirane form. 

It is known that the brain is one of the most sensitive sites of action of steroids in utero, and recently there have been suggestions that EDs may affect normal brain development and behaviour. For example, it has been alleged that in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) resulted in adverse effects on neurologic and intellectual function (memory and attention) in young children born to women who had eaten PCB contaminated fish in the USA." It has also been speculated that exposure to environmental pollutants with steroidal activity may be infinencing human sexual development and sexually controlled behavioiir." ... 

SI 2000/1043 Environmental Protection (Disposal of Polychlonnated Biphenyls and other Dangerous Substances)... 

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

Dioxins are prominent members of the class of polychlorinated hydrocarbons that also includes diben-zofuran, biphenyls and others. Dioxins are highly toxic environmental contaminants. Like others small planar xenobiotics, some dioxins bind with high affinity to the arylhydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Dioxins activate the receptor over a long time period, but are themselves poor substrates for the enzymes which are induced via the Ah-receptor. These properties of the dioxins and related xenobiotics may be important for the toxicity of these compounds. Dioxins like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin can cause persistent dermatosis, like chloracne and may have other neurotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic effects. 

At 0.9 °C the rate of bromination of biphenyl relative to benzene was approximately 1,270, compared to 26.9 in the presence of mineral acid, and this latter value is fairly close to that obtained with 50 % aqueous dioxan. The possibility that the positive brominating species might be protonated bromine acetate, AcOHBr+, was considered a likely one since the reaction rate is faster in aqueous acetic acid than in water, but this latter effect might be an environmental one since bromination by acidified hypobromous acid is slower in 50 % aqueous dioxan than in... 

LeNoir J, Aston L, Datta S, et al. 1998. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Sierra Nevada ecosystems Potential relationship to decline of amphibians. Division of Environmental Chemistry Preprints of Extended Abstracts 38(2) 264-266. 

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are indnstrial chemicals that do not occur naturally in the environment. The properties, uses, and toxicology of the PCBs are described in detail in Safe (1984), Robertson and Hansen (2001), and Environmental Health Criteria 140. PBBs are described in Safe (1984) and Environmental Health Criteria 152. 

Billsson, K., Westerlund, L., Tysklind, M., and Olsson, P.-E. (1998). Developmental disturbances caused by polychlorinated biphenyls in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Marine Environmental Research 46, 461 64. 

Borlakogln, J.T., Wilkins, J.P.G., and Walker, C.H. (1988). Polychlorinated biphenyls in sea birds—molecnlar features and metabolic interpretations. Marine Environmental Research 24, 15-19. 

Environmental Health Criteria 140 (1993). Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls. Geneva WHO. 

Gellert, R.J. (1978). Uterotrophic activity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and induction of precocious reproductive aging in neonatally treated female rats. Environmental Research 16, 123-130. 

Matta, M.B., Caimcross, C., and Kocan, R.M. (1997). Effect of a polychlorinated biphenyl metabolite on early life stage survival of two species of trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, 146-151. 

Pijnenburg, A., Everts, J., and de Boer, J. et al. (1995). Polybrominated biphenyl and diphe-nylether flame retardants analysis, toxicity, and environmental occurrence. Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 141, 1-26. 

Qin, Z.F., Zhou, J.M., and Cong, L. et al. (2005). Potential ecotoxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on Xenopus laevis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 2573-2578. 

Westerlund, L., Billsson, K., and Andersson, P.L. et al. (2000). Early life stage mortality in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following maternal exposnre to polychlorinated biphenyls and estrogen. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 1582-1588. 

Egaas E, U Varanasi (1982) Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and environmental temperature on in vitro formation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites by liver of trout (Salmo gairdneri). Biochem Pharmacol 31 561-566. 

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