Biotechnological apphcations

There are two principal biotechnological appHcations dealing with steroids. Microbial agents are used for processing raw materials into useful intermediates for general steroid production and for specific transformations of steroids to advanced intermediates or finished products (120,145). 

For the application of membrane reactors it can be concluded that these are accepted as proven technology for many biotechnological apphcations. The membranes used in this area can operate under relatively mild conditions (low temperature and aqueous systems). However, there is a tremendous potential for membrane reactors in the chemical industry, which often requires apphcation in nonaqueous systems. Long term stability of the membrane materials in these systems will require an ongoing development from the side of materials scientists. As reaction selectivity is of major importance in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical products, it seems plausible to expect that membrane reactors will find their way in the production of chemicals through applications in these areas. 

A vast amount of knowledge in the area of bioconversions is available through literature and many of the strains described in publications and patents have been submitted to culture collections, from which they can be retrieved. A number of frequently used culture collections and information centers on culture collections is listed in Table 5.6. From these collections, strains that have been carefully typed and characterized can be obtained. In many cases, information on biotechnological apphcations of the strains is included in the collection and suitable growth media are provided. 

Current R D in a number of other areas indicates that biotechnology is about to have a major impact on many more businesses. In areas as far apart as water management and adhesives, biotechnology appHcations are either in the laboratory or in pilot plants (Fig. 6.5). 

The chapter deals with the workings of emulsion hquid membrane systems the physicochemical properties, modeling of such systems, difficulties associated with these types of membrane systems, and their uses in chemical and biotechnological apphcations. 

Enzymes have had billions of years of evolution in order to sustain hving systems as needed. That these naturally evolved molecules can then accomplish any other task outside their intrinsic requirements is simply fortuitous. It is thus not surprising that the use of enz5nnes for environmental, industrial or biotechnological apphcations is not easily reconcilable with their intrinsic characteristics. 

R179 H. J. Fogel and E. M. Lohmeier-Vogel, NMR Investigations of Yeast Metabolism Biochemistry and Biotechnology Apphcations , p. 309... 

Vohra A, Satyanarayana T (2003) Phytases microbial sources, production, purification and potential biotechnological apphcations. Critic Rev Biotechnol 23(l) 29-60 Wang Die, Cooney CL, Demain AL et al. (1979) Fermentation and enzyme technology. John WUey Sons, New York, 374 pp... 

This chapter deals with the biotechnological apphcation of LAB as starter cultures, although briefly, for the elaboration of fermented foods, and the production of industrially interesting metabohtes such as food ingredients, nutraceutics, and high added-value compounds. 

Using this concept the enzyme myoglobin was successfully encapsulated by a photo-cross-linked polymer membrane and the pH-dependent activity was reported [9], This principle offers a high potential for biotechnological apphcations. Similarly, pH-sensitive swelling of the cross-linked membrane can also be used for controlled dmg release systems. 

Hirano, S. 1996. Chitin biotechnology apphcations. Biotechnology Annual Review 2 231-25S. 

R Sheikh, N.M. Barakat, M. Kanjwal, A. Chaudhari, I.-H. Jung, J. Lee, H. Kim, Electro-spun antimicrobial polyurethane nanofibers containing silver nanoparticles for biotechnological apphcations, Macromol. Res. 17 (2009) 688—696. 

F. Freitas, V.D. Alves, M.A. M. Reis, Advances in bacterial exopolysaccharides from production to biotechnological apphcations. Trends Biotechnol, 29 (8), 388-398,2011. 

Temperature variations may result in reversible changes in properties such as structural arrangement, size, solubihty, and shape. Many materials designed for biomedical or biotechnology appHcations are confined to a narrow temperature spectrum in order to be effective in a physiological environment. The following thermoresponsive materials are discussed in the next section poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide (PNIPAAm), polymer brushes, and shape-memory polymers. 

Biotechnological apphcation of acetic acid bacteria and their enz5Tnes were reviewed previously by Adachi et al. (2003) and recently by Saichana et al. (2014). Other topics than those described next are described in these reviews. 

Singh, M., Sharma, R., Baneijee, U.G. Biotechnology apphcations of cyclo dextrin Biotechnology Advances. 2002,20, 341-359. 

---