Biosensors nanotechnology

Biosensor nanotechnologies for detection and analysis of biologically relevant molecular and physical targets in samples from body fluids in vitro, or even for use in vivo, within in the living body. 

Biosensors Nanotechnology, ed. A. Tiwari and A. P. F. Turner, Wiley-Scrivener, Beverly, 2014. 

The twenty-first century demands novel materials of the scientist. New instruments have made possible the field of nanotechnology, in which chemists study particles between 1 and 100 nm in diameter, intermediate between the atomic and the bulk levels of matter. Nanotechnology has the promise to provide new materials such as biosensors that monitor and even repair bodily processes, microscopic computers, artificial bone, and lightweight, remarkably strong materials. To conceive and develop such materials, scientists need a thorough knowledge of the elements and their compounds. 

Prieto, F. Sepulveda, B. Calle, A. Llobera, A. Dominguez, C. Abad, A. Montoya, A. Lechuga, L. M., An integrated optical interferometric nanodevice based on silicon technology for biosensor applications, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 907 912... 

The goal of this chapter will be to provide an overview of the use of planar, optically resonant nanophotonic devices for biomolecular detection. Nanophotonics23 24 represents the fusion of nanotechnology with optics and thus it is proposed that sensors based on this technology can combine the advantages of each as discussed above. Although many of the issues are the same, we focus here on optical resonance rather than plasmonic resonance (such as is used in emerging local SPR and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based biosensors). 

Starodub NF, Nabok AV, Tsargorodskaya A et al (2005) Optical biosensors for the registration of some pesticides, mycotoxins and endocrine disrupting substances in environmental objects. 84 ICB seminar on biochemical sensing - Utilization of micro- and nanotechnologies, Warsaw, p 30... 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

With the help of surface modification, the catalytic activity and selectivity could be manipulated by tailoring the structure of the electrodes. The rapid development of nanotechnology and bioscience has been witnessed by a large number of recent literatures on novel electrodes such as BDD, nanoelectrodes, and biosensors. This trend is likely to remain so for the next decade when the hot research topics for electrochemistry will be in advanced materials, biochemical-related application, and environmental analysis and protection. 

While it is safe to say that SPR is a mature technique from the historical perspective, new driving forces appear to challenge traditional SPR for various needs that traditional SPR sensors fail to satisfy. In particular, a novel SPR biosensor that attempts to capitalize on the nanotechnology, by which to localize surface plasmons (SPs), has emerged and thus has been appropriately called a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor. In this chapter, 1 focus on the LSPR biosensor by reviewing its operating principles and properties in a systematic way and venture into future directions along which LSPR biosensors evolve. 

Finally, it should be noted that the recent development of so-called third generation biosensors to achieve direct electron transfer from redox enzyme, oxidoreductase to the electrode without mediators, but through a series of enzyme cofactors or conductive polymers to transfer electrons from the enzyme redox center to the electrode surface [161-164]. This concept with the current technology for preparing miniature sensors with nanotechnology is of great interest to many researchers trying to develop practical sensors in clinical, environmental and industrial analysis. Whether with mediators or without, research for optimum sensor development for various purposes will be intensive in the future. 

With the advent of nanotechnology new and exciting transducers of very high sensitivity can be developed. Improved detection limits must be achieved for most of the applications, as for example in the environmental field [99]. In addition, using micro- and nanotechnologies, optical biosensors could be integrated in lab-on-a-chip microsystems which could be used in real applications in many different scenarios (home, patient office, work, etc.) for real-time and on-line monitoring. 

In addition, nanotechnology is expected to become very important in various biomedical applications such as in drug delivery, molecular imaging, biomarkers, and biosensors. Target-specific drug therapy and methods for early diagnosis and therapy of... 

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