Biosensors based on nanomaterials

The material is presented in 17 chapters, covering topics such as trends in ion selective electrodes, advances in electrochemical immunosensors, modem glucose biosensors for diabetes management, biosensors based on nanomaterials (e.g. nanotubes or nanocrystals), biosensors for nitric oxide and superoxide, or biosensors for pesticides. 

Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanodevices, ed. J. Li and N. Wu, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2013. 

Biosensors based on nanomaterials exploit many new signal transduction technologies in their manufacture [345], In molecular electronics and sensors, conducting polymers represent innovative systems for the immobilization of enzymes [346, 347], The entrapment of enzymes in polymeric films provides a controlled method to fasten biologically active molecules in a defined area on the electrodes. These examples show that conducting polymers in the area of bioanalytical sciences are of great interest since their biocompatibility opens up the possibility of using them as in vivo biosensors. 

Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials 321 11.3.2 Nanomaterial-based Bioaffinity Sensors... 

Nowadays, the construction of electrochemical biosensors based on the use of gold nanoparticles constitutes an intensive research area because of the unique advantages that this nanomaterial lends to biosensing devices. So, gold nanoparticles provide a stable surface for immobilization of biomolecules with no loss of their biological activity. Moreover, they facilitate direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrode materials, and constitute useful interfaces for the electrocatalysis of redox processes of molecules such as H202 or NADH involved in many biochemical reactions (1, 2). 

D. E. Benson, Reagentless biosensors based on nanopartlcles,ln Nanomaterials for Biosensors [Ch. Kumar, ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim [2008). 

Nanobiotechology-based biosensors have been developed with immobilization of biomolecules in miniamrized structures, which may contain hybrid materials for enhancing sensing properties [4, 9-17]. Such methods have also been applied to biosensors based on FEDs [4]. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used in biosensors to achieve better sensitivity and selectivity [18-22]. The key to obtain such enhanced systems is the combination of biomolecules, whose activity may be preserved for long periods of time, and nanomaterials, as CNTs, on the FEDs surface [4]. Deposition of these materials is normally done with the electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) technique that allows an easy control of film thickness and possible tuning of molecular architectures to yield tailored sensing units [4, 23-31]. 

As mentioned before, several electrochemical biosensors based on direct DNA detection or catalyzed oxidation of DNA G residues require the combination of nanomaterials, DNA-recognition, and electrical detection protocols, allowing them to improve the sensitivity of the devices. Other promising technologies for the analysis of DNA through the use of labels, as described in the following section, have been obtained. 

Zhu, Z., Garcia-Gancedo, L., Flewitt, A.J., Xie, H., Moussy, F., and Milne, W.I. (2012) A critical review of glucose biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials carbon nanotubes and graphene. Sensors, 12, 5996-6022. 

Al, J.E., 2014. Multi-nanomaterial electrochemical biosensor based on label-free graphene for detecting cancer biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 55, 464—469. 

Mohd Yazid SNA, Md Isa I, Abu Bakara S, Hashim N, Ah Ghanic S (2014) A review of glucose biosensors based on graphene/metal oxide nanomaterials. Anal Lett 47 (11) 1821-1834... 

The representative techniques currently applied for an efficient, specific, rapid detection of viruses are described by Cay gill et al. Among them, electrochemical biosensors based on amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance measurements, optical biosensors that use surface plasmon resonance, optical fibers and piezoelectric biosensors based on microcantilevers, and recently the use of nanoparticles and novel nanomaterials as alternate recognition surfaces have been widely applied. 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

Biosensor Fabrication Based On Metal Oxides Nanomaterials... 

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