Bionanocomposites cellulose

Overall the results led to the conclusion that acetylated nanoparticles of both starch and cellulose offer potential eco-friendly substitutes for the conventional filler carbon black upto 40 phr. They imparted high mechanical strength and elasticity with minimum compromise in themal stability and moisture absorption of the resulting bionanocomposites. Cellulose acetate nanoparticles afforded effective reinforcement even upto loadings as high as 50 phr. 

Fig. 5. Tensile strength of highly filled bionanocomposites containing cellulosic fillers...

Biopolymers have diverse roles to play in the advancement of green nanotechnology. Nanosized derivatives of polysaccharides like starch and cellulose can be synthesized in bulk and can be used for the development of bionanocomposites. They can be promising substitutes of environment pollutant carbon black for reinforcement of rubbers even at higher loadings (upto SOphr) via commercially viable process. The combined effect of size reduction and organic modification improves filler-matrix adhesion and in turn the performance of polysaccharides. The study opens up a new and green alternative for reinforcement of rubbers. 

Habibi, Y. Goffin, A.L. Schiltz, N. Duquesne, E. Dubois, R Dufresne, A. Bionanocomposites based on poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-grafted cellulose nanocrystals by ring-opening polymerization. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18 (1), 5002-5010. 

Gilberto, S. Julien, B. Alain, D. Cellulosic bionanocomposite A review of preparation, properties and applications. Polymers 2010, 2 (4), 728-765. 

Habibi, Y. (2008). Bionanocomposites based on poly( -caprolactone)-grafted cellulose nanociystals by ring-opening polymerization, /. Mater. Che.m.. 18, 5002-5010. 

Siqueira, G., Bras, J., and Dufresne, A. (2010). Cellulosic bionanocomposites A review of preparation, properties and applications,... 

Chen, Y., Liu, C., Chang, P. R., Cao, X., and Anderson, D. P. (2009). Bionanocomposites based on pea starch and cellulose nanowhiskers hydrolyzed from pea hull fibre Effect of hydrolysis time, Carbfj]fy ... 

This chapter focuses on the use of nanotechnology in the development of cellulose and chitin nanoctystals and their novel biomedical applications. It consists of four main sections. The first section is a brief introduction. The second section focuses on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their preparation procedure, physical properties, and surface modifications. Cationic modification of CNCs is also presented to produce positively charged CNCs. Various bioapplications of CNCs in bionanocomposites, drug delivery, and biosensors are discussed as well. The third section focuses on chitin nanoctystals (CHNCs). Except for a short introduction on chitin and its structure, the methods of isolation and characterization of chitin are discussed and the surface modifications and properties of CHNCs are summarized. The applications of CHNCs as reinforcing fillers in nanocomposites and several biomedical applications are discussed. The fourth section is a summary and perspective highlighting the future directions on the application of these natural nanoctystals in various key industries related to biomedicine. 

Some NR-based nanocomposites with bio-based nanoreinforcements like chi-tin whiskers, starch nanocrystals, cellulose whiskers. A lot of work on bionanocomposites of NR has been reported by Alain Dufresne and coworkers.But most of these studies use latex blending technique without vulcanization, for the bionanocomposites preparation. There are less reports available on vulcanized rubber-based bionanocomposites prepared by master batch processing and two-roll mill mixing, which have the potential to be adapted for commercial use. ... 

II. Plastic behavior. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 38 383-392 Chen G, Dufresne A, Huang J et al (2009) A novel thermoformable bionanocomposite based on cellulose nanocrystal-graft-poly(e-caprolactone). Macromol Mater Eng 294 59-67 Choi Y, Simonsen J (2006) Cellulose nanocrystal-filled carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6 633-639... 

Greiner A, Wendorff JH (2007) Electrospinning a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed 46 5670-5703 Grunnert M, Winter WT (2002) Nanocomposites of cellulose acetate butyrate reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. J Polym Environ 10 27-30 Habibi Y, Dufresne A (2008) Highly filled bionanocomposites from functionalized polysaccharide nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 9 1974-1980... 

Habibi Y, Goffin AL, Schiltz N et al (2008) Bionanocomposites based (m poly(epsilgrafted cellulose nanocrystals by ring-opening polymerization. J Mater Chan 18 5002-5010 Hakansson H, Ahlgren P (2005) Acid hydrolysis of some industrials pulps of hydrolysis conditions... 

Nanostructured composites, where both the reinforcement and the matrix are biobased, are discussed in the book by Oksman and Sain (2006). Cellulose combined with natural polymers led to the development of a class of biodegradable and envi-ronmentally-friendly bionanocomposites. This family of nanocomposites is expected to remarkably improve material properties when compared with the matrix polymers or conventional micro- and macro-composite materials. Such improvements in properties typically include a higher modulus and strength, improved barrier properties, and increased heat distortion temperature [4]. 

Wang, D., Yu, J., Zhang, J., He, J., Zhang, J. Transparent bionanocomposites with improved properties from poly (propylene carbonate) (PPG) and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs). Compos. Sci. Technol. 85, 83-89 (2013)... 

In order to prepare PLA nanocomposites with highly dispersed cellulose nanocrystals and porous PLA-based scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability, CNCs have been incorporated into PLA fibres by electrospinning method. Fibrous biocomposite mats consisting of PLA and CNCs have been electrospun from solvent or solvent mixtures such as l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFP), DMF/chloro-form and DMF/tetrahydrofuran (THF). The electrospun PLA/CNCs bionanocomposites have demonstrated rapid in vitro biodegradability and cytocompatible properties, and could be potentially suitable in tissue engineering. ... 

Bionanocomposites are an ecological alternative to conventional nanocomposites based on petroleum-derived polymers, as they are based on biodegradable polymers obtained from renewable resources. Biomass is the source of agropolymers like starch and cellulose and also of monomers used to chemically synthesize polymers like polylactic acid (PLA). Other kinds of biopolymers, e.g., xanthan gum and poly (hydroxyalkanoates), are produced by microorganisms. Even though most of the bionanocomposites reported in the hterature are based on layered sihcates, the number of examples illustrating the use of fibrous clays in the preparation of new bionanocomposites is growing rapidly. 

Hietala, M., Mathew, A. P, Oksman, K. (2013). Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers manufactured using twin-screw extrusion., (4), 950-956. 

E. Fortunati, I. Armentano, Q. Zhou, A. lannoni, E. Saino, L. Visai, L.A. Berglimd, and J. Kenny, Multifunctional bionanocomposite films of poly (lactic acid), cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles, Carbohyd. Polym., 87,1596-605,2012. 

Chen GJ, Dufresne A, Huang J, Chang PR. A novel thermoformable bionanocomposite based on cellulose nanocrystal-graft-poly(e-caprolactone). Macromol Mater Eng 2009 294 59-67. 

Hietala M, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2013) Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers manufactured using twin-screw extrusion. Eur Polym J 49 950-956 Hoover R, Hughes T, Chung HJ, Liu Q (2010) Composition, molecular structure, properties and modification of pulse starches a review. Food Res Int 43 399-413 Hotza D (1997) Colagem de Folhas Ceramicas. Tape Casting Ceramica 159-166 Huneault MA, Li H (2012) Preparation and properties of extruded thermoplastic starch/polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 126 96-108... 

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