Chitosan salts

Some special salts of ether carboxylic acids are also described. Chloro-hexidine salts are made by neutralization of chlorohexidine base by an ether carboxylic acid having antibacterial and surfactant properties [47]. Chitosan salts of ether carboxylic acids which are tolerant of anionics and can be used as hair conditioners are also mentioned [48]. 

Spray-drying of chitosan salt solutions provides chitosan microspheres having diameters close to 2-5 p.m and improved binding fimctionaUty. The chitosan microsphere free-flowing powder is compressible and hence most suitable as a drug carrier [ 195-204]. The following are some examples. 

The thermal treatment of chitosan salt solutions leads, however, to amide formation the process of amidation in films consisting of chitosan formate, acetate and propionate proceeds rapidly in the air at 120 °C. The highest degree of amidation (up to 50%) was reached in chitosan formate. The amidation leads to significant strengthening of the films and reduces their solubility in aqueous media [226]. 

Typical derivatives of chitin (1) and chitosan (2) [67] alkali-chitin (3), O-acylchitin (4), O-carboxymethylchitin (5), O-hydroxyethylchitin (6), chitin O-sulphate (7), chitin O-phosphate (8), chitosan salt (9), /V-acylchitosan (10), /V-carboxymethylchitosan (11), trialkylammonium salt (12)... 

Kotze AF, Leeuw BJ, Luessen HL, Boer AG, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE (1998) Comparison of the effect of different chitosan salts and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). J Control Release 51 35—46. 

Luangtana-anan M, Opanasopit P, Ngawhirunpat T, Nunthanid J, Sriamornsak P, Limmat-vapirat S, Lim LY (2005) Effect of chitosan salts and molecular weight on a nanoparticulate carrier for therapeutic protein. Pharm Dev Technol 10(2) 189-196 Mackay M, Phillips J, Hastewell J (1997) Peptide drug delivery Colonic and rectal absorption. Adv Drug Del Rev 28(2) 253-273... 

Dornish, M., Hagen, A., Hansson, E., Pecheur, C., Verdier, F., and Skaugrad, 0.1997. Safety of Protasan Ultrapure chitosan salts for biomedical and pharmaceutical use. In Domard, A., Roberts, G., and Varum, K. (Eds.), Advances in Chitin Science. Lyon Jacques Andre, vol. 2, p. 694. 

Solutions of chitosan salts are well known for their adhesive properties (53). Chitosan itself adheres well to nonconducting surfaces, such as paper, rayon, cellophane, wood, leather, rubber, and glass, but not to metal surfaces (57,58). For smooth surfaces, a stronger bond is formed by first applying a thin primer... 

Finally, it should be noted that during the last decade both weakly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) derivatives and chitosan derivatives were described as safe penetration enhancers for hydrophilic compounds especially as they can trigger mechanisms of tight junction opening of mucosal tissues and did not show acute toxicity. Poly(acrylic acid) derivatives were shown to have excellent mucoadhesive properties and can inhibit the activity of gut enzymes, such as trypsin, chymo-trypsin, and carboxypepsidases. Chitosan salts and Ni-trimethylchitosan chloride revealed to be potential absorption enhancers for nasal absorption of calcitonin and insulin and for the intestinal absorption of buserilin.f ... 

Chitosan salts e.g., chitosan acetate + HO CH NH3OOC-CH3 Strong antimicrobial activity, precipitate in an alkaline medium, antimicrobial activity is pH dependent 93,99... 

ASTM. F2103-01 Standard guide for characterization and testing of chitosan salts as starting materials intended Iot use in biomedical and tissue-engineered medical product applications (2001)... 

Mwale, F., lordanova, M., Demers, C. N., Steffen, T., Roughley, P. Antoniou, J. (2005) Biological evaluation of chitosan salts cross-linked to genipin as a cell scaffold for disk tissue engineering. Tissue Eng, 11, 130-40. 

Yamaguchi, R., Hirano, S., Arai, Y. and Ito, T. (1978) Chitosan salt gels thermally reversible gelation of chitosan. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 42,1981-1982. 

In contrast to chitin, the presence of free amino groups along the chitosan chains allows this macromolecule to dissolve in dilute aqueous acidic solvents through the protonation of these groups and the formation of the corresponding chitosan salt. It is therefore important to realize that the polyelectrolyte character of chitosan influences its solution properties. 

Weecharangsan, W., Opanasopit, P., Ngawhimnpat, T., Apirakaramwong, A., Ruktanonchai, T. R. U. and Lee, R. J. 2008. Evaluation of chitosan salts as non-viral gene vectors in CHO-Kl cells. International Journal... 

A composition of a selected chitosan form and its derivative, such as microcrystalline chitosan or a gel from chitosan salt with poly-Af-vinylopyrolidone, was used to manufacture new dressings for veterinary use to protect injured animal skin successfully (Wisniewska-Wrona et al. 2002). Strong bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity and improved mechanical properties were reported for these dressings. 

Chitosan can be used for the deacidification of fruit juices Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). Indeed chitosan salts carry a strong positive charge that can interact with proteins and hence act as... 

Deacidification of drinks Chitosan salts that carry a strong positive charge have been shown to be effective as dehazing agents. They may be nsed to control acidity in fruit juices or coffee drinks. 

Songmin, S., Lu, G., Chrm-Wah, Y.M. Improvement of carbon nanotubes dispersion by chitosan salt and its application in silicone rubber. Compos. Sci. Technol. 86, 129-134 (2013)... 

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