Biomass wheat

Q.4.6 Biobased polymers are those made from in part from organic sources, for example, corn, sugarcane, biomass, wheat, vegetable oil. Tor F ... 

A report on the continuous flash pyrolysis of biomass at atmospheric pressure to produce Hquids iadicates that pyrolysis temperatures must be optimized to maximize Hquid yields (36). It has been found that a sharp maximum ia the Hquid yields vs temperature curves exist and that the yields drop off sharply on both sides of this maximum. Pure ceUulose has been found to have an optimum temperature for Hquids at 500°C, while the wheat straw and wood species tested have optimum temperatures at 600°C and 500°C, respectively. Organic Hquid yields were of the order of 65 wt % of the dry biomass fed, but contained relatively large quantities of organic acids. 

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

V. Armendariz, Bioreduction of Gold(III) to Gold(O) and Nanoparticle Formation by Oat and Wheat Biomasses The Use of Plants in Nanobiotechnology. Master Thesis, the University of Texas at El Paso, Chemistry Department, El Paso, TX, 2005, p. 107. 

T. Katterer, A-C. Hansson, and O. Andren, Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertili.sation. Plant Soil 151 21 (1993). 

At both locations, morningglory was the predominant weed species. During the growing season, morningglory plant counts and biomass data were obtained to evaluate the effects of wheat residues and tillage on morningglory growth. 

Table III. Effect of Tillage and Wheat Mulch on Morningglory Populations and Biomass in Corn a...

Table V. Soybean biomass as influenced by tillage and wheat mulch...

Inhibitive effects are especially influenced by amount of cover crop biomass and soil management. Weed dry matter was reduced when rye residues were greater than 3.7 Mg ha-1 (Crutchfield et al. 1985), and when wheat residues were greater than Mg ha-1 (De Almeida 1985). Fisk et al. (2001) reported that burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) and barrel medic (M. truncatula Gaertn.) reduced by 70% weed dry weights while weed density was not affected if were no-till seeded as winter-killed cover crops into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble. 

Also, a Spanish company (Abengoa Bioenergy) has developed a process for the conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to ethanol based on SSF. A demonstration plant on the basis of wheat and barley straw has been operating in Salamanca since 2006, with an annual production capacity of five million litres of ethanol (Abengoa, 2006). 

Biomass Generation from Sugarcane, Rice and Wheat Crops Consequences of Removal Practices and Alternatives... 

The ability of a degradable plastic to decay depends on the structure of its polymer chain. Biodegradable plastics are often manufactured from natural polymers, such as cornstarch and wheat gluten. Micro-organisms in the soil can break down these natural polymers. Ideally, a biodegradable plastic would break down completely into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass within six months, just like a natural material. 

As a matter of fact, most of the processes currently developed to generate biochemicals out of biomass involve fermentation of starch originating from corn, wheat, or rice, for example. The various chemicals obtainable from theses processes and their end applications are listed in Table 10.3. A lot of these fermented biochemicals, however, are not yet economically competitive compared with their petrochemical equivalent, essentially due to the large capital investment in equipment and land needed to implement the fermentation process on an industrial scale. An additional disadvantage of this route is that it competes with feedstock needed by the food industry. More research to reduce the costs of fermentation technology is needed. 

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