Biomass estimation

Ethanol. From the point of view of availabiUty, ethanol is extremely attractive because it can be produced from renewable biomass. Estimates... 

Produced from Biomass. Estimates for methanol produced from biomass indicate (11) that these costs are higher than those of methanol produced from coal. Barring substantial technological improvements, methanol produced from biomass does not appear to be competitive. 

Brown S, Gillespie A, Lugo A. Biomass estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data. Forest Science, 1989. 35(4) pp. 381-902. 

Two conclusions can be made at this stage of the discussion. Firstly, when surface area constraints are important, direct conversion of solar energy wins out over biomass. Estimates of an increase in biomass yields using bio-engineering approaches amount to not more than a factor of 2 [7]. 

Based on these devices, different biomass estimation experiments were performed based on the culture fluorescence monitoring and feeding strategy studies were developed as well as bioreactor characterizations via mixing time experiments. During the next years smaller fluorescence probes were developed which could be interfaced with bioreactors via standard electrode ports. These open end detector systems measured the fluorescence fight in the backward di-... 

In conclusion it can be stated that accurate biomass estimation based on the culture fluorescence monitoring is possible, when the NAD(P)H-pool per cell is... 

Vegetative emission source factors also depend on biomass factors to convert surface area estimates to biomass estimates. The leaf biomass factors used in this inventory (Table II) are those suggested by Zimmerman (31). A comparison of leaf biomass factors reported in the literature provides a simple illustration of the variability associated with the conversion factors used in this inventory. Monk et al. (321 reported a biomass factor of 8400 kg - ha 1 for trees with 14 cm diameter trunks in an oak hickory forest. Biomass factors of 5700 kg ha 1 (301 and 5800 kg - ha 1 (331 have been estimated for mixed deciduous forests. Amts et al. Q4) reported a range of biomass factors between 4400 kg ha 1 and 6340 kg ha 1 for a loblolly pine forest. The variability in these biomass estimates is less than 25%. 

Mancuso, C.A., Franzmann, P.D., Pourtan, H.A., and Nichols, P.D. (1990) Microbial community structure and biomass estimates of a methanogenic Antarctic lake ecosystem as determined by phospholipid analyses. Microb. Ecol. 19, 73-95. 

Jayat and Ratinaud [190] discuss the advantages of multi-parametric analyses taking DNA and other cellular components simultaneously into account see also, e.g. [73, 261]. Flow cytometry is also useful for identification of (new) species [78] or for biomass estimation [299,349]. 

Dielectric spectroscopy or culture capacitance measurement is used as an on-line, non-invasive method for biomass estimation (see the chapter by Sonnleitner in this issue - the section on electrical properties) and responds mainly to living cells [43,44]. Observed difficulties in using the signal as a pure biomass concentration sensor, i.e. deviations from the simple correlation with cell density, were attributed to dependencies on the physiological state [43], and could be used to discriminate different populations in yeast cultures [45]. Connections with morphological features could be found for budding yeast... 

Cherubini F, Stromman AH. Production of biofuels and biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass estimation of maximum theoretical yields and efficiencies using matrix algebra energy fuels. Energy Fuels. 2010 24 2657-66. 

Keywords Biomass estimate, colonies Colonization Phaeocystis bloom Pseudo-nitzschia species... 

Beluhan, D., Gosak, D., Pavlovic, N., and Vampola, M. (1995). Biomass estimation and optimal control of the Baker s yeast fermentation process. Comput. Chem. Eng. 19 (Suppl.), S387-S392. 

Olsson, P. A., Larsson, L., Bago, B., Wallander, H. van Aarle, I. M. (2003). Ergosterol and fatty acids for biomass estimation of mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist, 159, 7-10. 

Table 17.1. Fungal and bacterial biomass associated with decomposing leaves in streams. All values are maximum biomass estimates from litter bag decomposition studies except the study by Findlay et al. (2002b) where average microbial biomass from randomly collected leaves was estimated...

Hieber, M. Gessner, M. O. (2002). Contribution of stream detritivores, fungi, and bacteria to leaf breakdown based on biomass estimates. Ecology, 83, 1026-38. 

Brown, S., and E. Lugo. 1992. Above-ground biomass estimates for tropical moist forests of the Brazilian Amazon. Interciencia 17 8-16. 

Fig. 9.1 Aboveground biomass estimates for Amazonian secondary forests, (a). Data for 0 to 20-year-old forests, (b). Data for 0 to 80-year-old forests. The data points for forests that are 60 years and older all come from a single study of secondary forests on abandoned agricultural clearings in the Upper Rio Negro region of Venezuela (Saldarriaga et al. 1988). Other sources of data are Aide 1993 Alves et al. 1997 Brown et al. 1992 Fearnside and Guimaraes 1996 Guimaraes and Fearnside unpublished manuscript, Moutinho 1998b Nepstad 1989 Salomao et al. 1998 Uhl et al. 1988.

Prior to determining the carbon in phytomass it is necessary to determine the total biomass. Forest biomass is a basic factor in studies related to nutrient cycling and carbon release from terrestrial systems following deforestation. This is now one of the more important global research themes due to concerns about possible human-driven climatic changes. Biomass estimates have an enormous influence in modeling based on emissions of carbon from deforestation. The use of inaccurate values for this parameter will drastically affect the reliability of the results of the models. 

Indirect methods, based on allometric inference, from measurements of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the height of the trees to obtain wood volumes, is the main method adopted to estimate biomass in the Amazon. Forest biomass estimates are made through regression analysis, where several fitting curves are tested to obtain an ideal model that can be applied to the trees. These models are calibrated by direct weighing of the biomass from a subsample of trees (see for example, Jordan and Uhl 1978, Higuchi et al. 1994, Brown et al. 1995), and could also include other compartments besides trees, such as vines or understory. Indirect methods are broadly adopted in the forestry industry to evaluate the volume of commercial wood. 

The biomass estimates in Table 11.6 represent total biomass (above- and belowground, living and nonliving, including palms and nontree components) for unlogged forests... 

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