Biomarkers characterization

M. Walton, P. Egner, P.F. Scholl, J. Walker, T.W. Kensler and J.D. Groopman, Liquid chromatography electrospray-mass spectrometry of urinary aflatoxin biomarkers characterization and application to dosimetry and chemoprevention in rats, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 14, 919-926 (2001). 

Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Methyl Parathion INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS... 

HUDSON A, DiNH p A, KOKUBUN T, siMMONDS M s, GESCHER A (2000) Characterization of potentially chemopreventive phenols in extracts of brown rice that inhibit the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9 (11) 1163-70. 

No biomarkers have been identified to characterize the effects associated with exposure to diisopropyl methylphosphonate. At high doses in animals, diisopropyl methylphosphonate affects RBC and the nervous system. However, because the effects are not unique to diisopropyl methylphosphonate, they would not serve as useful biomarkers of effects. No clinical signs or symptoms in humans have been positively linked to diisopropyl methylphosphonate exposure. 

Dithiocarbamates are chemically characterized by the presence of metals in the molecule (iron, manganese, zinc, etc.) therefore, the measurement of these metals in urine has been proposed as an alternative approach to monitor exposure. For instance, increased urinary excretion of manganese has been reported in workers exposed to mancozeb (Canossa et al., 1993). Available data are at present insufficient to confirm the possibility of using metals as biomarkers of human exposure to DTC. 

There is a growing need to better characterize the health risk related to occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides. Risk characterization is a basic step in the assessment and management of the health risks related to chemicals (Tordoir and Maroni, 1994). Evaluation of exposure, which may be performed through environmental and biological monitoring, is a fundamental component of risk assessment. Biomarkers are useful tools that may be used in risk assessment to confirm exposure or to quantify it by estimating the internal dose. Besides their use in risk assessment, biomarkers also represent a fundamental tool to improve the effectiveness of medical and epidemiological surveillance. 

Xiang, F. Anderson, G. A. Veenstra, T. D. Lipton, M. S. Smith, R. D. Characterization of microorganisms and biomarker development from global ESI-MS/MS analyses of cell lysates. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2475-2481. 

Intact bacteria were first introduced into a mass spectrometer for analysis of molecular biomarkers without processing and fractionation around 1975.6 The ionization techniques available at the time limited analysis to secondary metabolites that could be volatilized, such as quinines and diglycerides, and vigorous pyrolysis of bacteria was explored as an alternative.7 Although biomarkers were destroyed in pyrolysis strategies, computer-supported cluster analysis was developed to characterize pure samples. 

Demirev, P. A. Ramirez, J. Fenselau, C. Tandem mass spectrometry of intact proteins for characterization of biomarkers from Bacillus cereus T spores. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 5725-5731. 

Williams, B. H. Hathout, Y. Fenselau, C. Structural characterization of lipo-peptide biomarkers isolated from Bacillus globigii. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 37, 259-264. 

---