Biological problems, studied using

Several problems m basic methodologies have persisted over the 25 years since F-NMR spectroscopy was first apphed to a biochemical question Most hmiting IS that of NMR sensitivity High substrate concentrabons, relative to the naturally occumng biological levels, are required for NMR detection Although most NMR studies use millimolar and somebmes submilhmolar concenbatrons, many bio molecules exist at micromolar or lower levels... 

The problem of molecular recognition has attracted biologically oriented chemists since Emil Fischer s lock-and-key theory l0). Within the last two decades, many model compounds have been developed micelle-forming detergents11, modified cyclodextrins 12), many kinds of crown-type compounds13) including podands, coronands, cryptands, and spherands. Very extensive studies using these compounds have, however, not been made from a point of view of whether or not shape similarity affects the discrimination. 

Consequently, MM and MD have become extremely powerful and useful computational tools for studying a wide variety of chemical and biological problems. However, a significant proportion of real systems also rely on TM centers for their structure and/or function. The presence of TM coordination soon exposes fundamental shortcomings in simple FF equations like (2). 

All these techniques provide important clues to protein function. However, they do not replace classical biochemistry. They simply provide researchers with an expedited entree into important new biological problems. In the end, a detailed functional understanding of any new protein requires traditional biochemical analyses—such as were used for the many well-studied proteins described in this text. When paired with the simultaneously evolving tools of biochemistry and molecular biology, genomics and proteomics are speeding the discovery not only of new proteins but of new biological processes and mechanisms. 

Radiation chemistry has become a mature field of study. Much of the work today makes use of these techniques to study chemical, physical and biological problems rather than studying the fundamental... 

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