Biological characterization, tissue

Metabolomics is becoming a prominent phenotyping aid to characterize tissues and organisms rapidly within a biological context. For example, using a metabolomics-guided screen of mutant mice, a mouse model with a novel enzyme deficiency that resembles human maple syrup urine disease has been isolated (58). Mice were identified as having elevated levels of... 

PBPK models are especially useful for characterizing tissue-level doses when external exposures (exposures contacting the biological barriers or membranes of the organism (e.g., skin)) are repeated or... 

In this brief review of the elastic and plastic protein-based polymers, the chemical and microbial syntheses of these pohmers are noted several of the more commonly used physical characterizations of these polymers are described the important biological characterizations of biocompatibility (toxicity), immunogenicity, and biodegradability are considered, and the applications of drug delivery and tissue reconstruction are discussed. 

Park, S.-N., Lee, H.J., Lee, K.H., Suh, H., 2003. Biological characterization of EDC-crosslinked collagen—hyaluronic acid matrix in dermal tissue restoration. Biomaterials... 

Bottino, M.C., Yassen, G.H., Platt, J.A., Labban, N., Windsor, L.J., Spolnik, K.J., Bressiani, A.H., 2013. A novel three-dimensional scaffold for regenerative endodontics materials and biological characterizations. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.1712. 

The specific uses of bioceramics in vivo require their full compatibility with the living tissues. Taking into account the reliability requirements, implantable ceramics, whether massive or in the form of coatings, should be subjected to a number of tests (physical, chemical, mechanical, mineralogical and biological characterization), for ensuring guaranteed performance without failure in future. 

Biosynthesis. Somatostatin exists in longer forms in several biological tissues (95,96). One of the longer forms, which has been isolated from porcine intestine, has been characterized as a 28-amino acid peptide (97). Somatostatin is derived from a precursor containing 116 amino acids (98,99). The precursor contains one copy of the somatostatin tetradecapeptide, which is contained within the sequence of the 28-amino acid peptide at the carboxy-terminal end of the precursor. The 28-amino acid somatostatin is preceded by a single Arg residue, while somatostatin 1-14 is preceded by a pair of basic residues. 

TOF-SIMS has important potentials in many areas of life science, in fundamental and applied research as well as in product development and control. This holds for the characterization of biological cells and tissues, of sensor and microplate arrays, of drug delivery systems, of implants, etc. In all these areas, relevant surfaces feature a very complex composition and structure, requiring the parallel detect ion of many different molecular species as well as metal and other elements, with high sensitivity and spatial resolution requirements, which are exactly met by TOF-SIMS. 

PBPK/PD models refine our understanding of complex quantitative dose behaviors by helping to delineate and characterize the relationships between (1) the external/exposure concentration and target tissue dose of the toxic moiety, and (2) the target tissue dose and observed responses (Andersen et al. 1987 Andersen and Krishnan 1994). These models are biologically and mechanistically based and can be used to extrapolate the pharmacokinetic behavior of chemical substances from high to low dose, from route to route, between species, and between subpopulations within a species. The biological basis of... 

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