Ceramic Implants

Other Ceramic Calcium Phosphate Materials. Other ceramic calcium phosphate materials for repairing bony defect iaclude p-tricalcium phosphate (P-TCP) [7758-87-4], P-Ca2(PO, and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics which consist of both P-TCP and HA. Unlike ceramic HA, P-TCP resorbs ia the tissue (293). The in vivo dissolution of BCP ceramic implants was shown (296) to iacrease with increasing P-TCP/HA ratio ia the implants. Both P-TCP and BCP can lead to new bone growth to various extents depending on the appHcations and the type of materials used (293,296). 

There are countless applications possible. Nowadays, it is possible to replace human parts with synthetic materials virtually anywhere in the body. Table 11.6.1 lists a number of examples of plastic and metal implants. Ceramic implants are not mentioned here because they will be discussed elaborately in this chapter. 

Table 11.6.2 The most commonly used ceramic implant materials...

Recently mainly synthetic materials have been used as ceramic implantation materials. Table 11.6.2 lists the most commonly used materials. 

Aluminum compounds are also used extensively in the manufacture of cosmetics (e.g., aluminum hexahydrate in deodorants) and in medical treatments (e.g., aluminum hydroxide in antacids to control gastric hyperacidity or aluminum oxide in dental ceramic implants) (Brusewitz 1984 NRC 1982). In addition, antacids and buffered aspirin contain 4-562 mg/kg (ppm) of aluminum (Schenck et al. 1989 Shore and Wyatt 1983). Lione (1985a) reported aluminum content/dose (single tablet or 5 mL liquid) for antacids, internal analgesics (buffered aspirins), antidiarrheals, and anti-ulcerative drugs (Table 5-7). 

Yuan, H., Yang, Z., Zou, E, Li, Y., and Zhang, X., Rapid osteogenesis in porous biphasiccalcium phosphate ceramics implanted in domestic pigs. Biomed. Eng. Appl. Bas. Com. 9,268-273 (1997a). 

The chapters in this volume present detailed insights into the synthesis-structure-properties relationships of nanostructured materials. In particular, the catalytic and photocatalytic properties of nanoclusters and nanostructured materials with ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratio are demonstrated. The gas absorption characteristics and surface reactivity of nanoporous and nanocrystalline materials are shown for various separation and reaction processes. In addition, the structural manipulation, quantum confinement effects, transport properties, and modeling of nanocrystals and nanowires are described. The biological functionality and bioactivity of nanostructured ceramic implants are also discussed. 

This brief description of processes in bone indicates that it is chemically very active. For this reason, the objective of research in bioceramic is to mimic the internal processes and the structure of bone with man-made materials. Once placed, there should be little distinction between the natural bone and man-made ceramic implant or an artificial graft. 

Griss, P., von Adrian-Werburg, H., Krempien, B., and Heimke, G. (1973) Biological activity and histocompatibility of dense Al203/Mg0 ceramic implants in rats. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 7 (3), 453—462. 

Boutin, P. (1981) in Orthopaedic Ceramic Implants, Proceeding of the Japan Orthopedic Society of Ceramic Implants, vol. 1 (eds H. Oonishi and Y. Ooi), Japan Orthopedic Society of Ceramic Implants, Tokyo, pp. 11-19. 

Earlier work by Hulbert, Morrison and Klawitter (1972) confirmed that calcium zirconate ceramics implanted intramuscularly in rabbits promoted the formation of a 100-200 pm thick pseudo membrane that within 6-9 months gradually den-sified without the presence of inflammatory cells thus suggesting a high degree of biotolerance. Recent work by Liu et al. (2006) showed that nanostructured Zr02 films formed by cathodic arc deposition on silicon surfaces promote the formation of apatite when incubated in SBF. On the apatite, growth and proliferation of... 

Michel R (1991) Metal and Ceramic Implants. In Merian E, ed. Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, pp. 557-564 VCH, Weinheim-New York-Basel-Cambridge. 

Greenspan DC (1999) Bioactive ceramic implant materials. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 4 389-393 Gross KA (1991) Smface modification of prostheses. M Eng Science thesis. Monash University. 

Yamashita Y, Uchida A, Yamakawa T, Shinto Y, Araki N, Kato K (1998) Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis using calcium hydroxylapatite ceramic implants impregnated with antibiotic. Inti Orthop 22 247-251... 

Source Park, J.B., and Lakes, R.S. 1992. Ceramic Implant Materials. In Biomaterials An Introduction, 2nd ed., p. 121 Plenum Press, New York. 

Bajpai P.K. 1989. Ceramic implantable drug delivery system. TLB. A.O. 3 203-211. 

Beckham C.A., Greenlee T.K. Jr, and Crebo A.R. 1971. Bone formation at a ceramic implant interface. Calc. Tiss. Res. 8 165-171. 

Blencke B.A., Bromer H., Deutscher K.K. 1978. Compatibility and long-term stability of glass-ceramic implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 12 307-318. 

Boutin P. 1981. T.H.R. Using Alumina-Alumina Sliding and a Metallic Stem 1330 Cases and an 11-Year Follow-up. In Orthopaedic Ceramic Implants, Vol. 1. H. Oonishi and FI.Y. Ooi (Eds.), Tokyo, lapanese Society of Orthopaedic Ceramic Implants. 

Fuski M.P., Larrabee R.A., and Bajpai P.K. 1993. Effect of ferric calcium phosphorous oxide ceramic implant in bone on some parameters of blood. T.I.B. A.O. 7 16-19. 

Wyatt D.F., Bajpai P.K., Graves G.A. lr,andStuIlP.A. 1976. Remodelling of calcium aluminate phosphorous pentoxide ceramic implants in bone. IRCS. Med. Sci. 4 421. 

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