Biological analysis flowing water

The Methylene (and Ethylene) Blue method has been applied in determinations of sulphur in plants [86], biological materials [87], waters [12,88], air [5,12,16,20], hydrocarbons [89], iron alloys [90,91], cobalt and zirconium [91], titanium [92], thallium and its halides [93], arsenic [94], selenium [95], and various reagents (including barium chloride) [14]. Flow-injection analysis has been applied in the determination of sulphur by the Methylene Blue method [96]. 

Filtration, as exemplified in a multi-purpose flow system for the spectrophotometric analysis of waters, blood and other biological tissues [150]. 

Fajardo, Y., Gomez, E., Garcias, F., Cerda, V., and Casas, M., Multisyringe flow injection analysis of stable and radioactive yttrium in water and biological samples, Anal. Chim. Acta, 539, 189-194, 2005. 

Ecosystem analysis has become a major scientific approach which was very much enforced by the International Biological Program (IBP) the aim of which being the evaluation of biomass production in different climates and vegetation types and the quantitative determination of the flow of energy, water, and chemical components in order to lead to a better understanding of food chains, natural successions, and interactions of biota with abiotic environment. 

The magnitude and duration of flows, coupled with the chemical quality of the waters, determine (to a considerable degree) the biological characteristics of the stream. The river is an extremely rich and diverse ecosystem, and any water quality analysis must recognize this diversity. The river system may therefore be considered from the physical, chemical, and biological perspective. The principal physical characteristics of rivers that are of interest include ... 

The method with azomethine H has been used for determining boron in plant materials [75], biological samples [76], plants [77], soils [77-79], water [80], sewage [4,81], rocks and bituminous [22,55,82], steel [47], copper, nickel, and cobalt alloys [9], boron nitride [83], and fertilisers [84]. Azomethine H has been utilized in automatic determination of boron [81] and in flow injection analysis (FIA) [75]. Boron has also been determined in plants and soils with the use of 4-methoxyazomethine H [85],... 

Here nh np and nk are the number concentrations of particles of sizes i, j, and k in the epilimnion and nfc in is the number concentration of fc-size particles in river inflows. The term X(i,j)s incorporates most of the effects of physical processes on the rate at which particles of size i and j come into close proximity. The subscript S is used to indicate that Smoluchowski s approach (1917) to the kinetics of particle transport has been adopted. Smoluchowski did not consider hydro-dynamic retardation in his early analysis, and it has not been included here in Mi,j)s. A more rigorous approach is possible (Valiolis and List, 1984a, b). The term a(i J)s incorporates chemical factors that retard the kinetics of aggregation between particles of size i and j and also those aspects of the kinetics of particle transport that are not included in Smoluchowski s analysis. The Stokes settling velocity of a particle of size k is denoted as vk the mean depth of the epilimnion is zc qin and qoul refer to river flows into and out of the lake expressed as volume of water per unit of lake surface area and time (the sum of such inflows or outflows is also termed the areal hydraulic loading of the lake). The symbol W refers to all processes of production or destruction of particles in the epilimnion it can include a variety of chemical and biological processes. 

The three principal variables considered in this analysis are temperature, which influences all biological and chemical reactions, dispersion and advective flow, which are the primary mass transport mechanisms in a natural body of water, and solar radiation, the energy source for the photosynthetic growth of the phytoplankton. 

The analysis of Al in biological samples requires considerable sensitivity. The methods of choice are ETAAS and ICP-AES, due to sensitivity, simplicity and low cost after instrument acquisition. Water and dialysis fluid samples containing 0.7% HNO3 are stable at —20°C for many months (Taylor et al. 1994). Flow injection analysis has been applied to Al determination in beverages, parenteral solutions, water, and digested biological tissues (Coedo et al. 

---