Biogenic potential

On a local or regional basis, terpenes may contribute significantly to oxidant problems (16,60,85,86,87, ), making control of anthropogenic hydrocarbons problematical. The question of relative controls on hydrocarbon and NOjj emissions from automobiles and industry has been a matter of longstanding controversy and debate in the US, particularly because of the potential role of biogenic hydrocarbons in oxidant production (16,89,90). This controversy is yet unresolved. 

Fig. 14-6 Profiles of potential temperature and phosphate at 21 29 N, 122 15 W in the Pacific Ocean and a schematic representation of the oceanic processes controlling the P distribution. The dominant processes shown are (1) upwelling of nutrient-rich waters, (2) biological productivity and the sinking of biogenic particles, (3) regeneration of P by the decomposition of organic matter within the water column and surface sediments, (4) decomposition of particles below the main thermocline, (5) slow exchange between surface and deep waters, and (6) incorporation of P into the bottom sediments.

Hoekstra, J. C. and Johnson, D. C., Comparison of potential-time waveforms for the detection of biogenic amines in complex mixtures following their separation by liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 70, 83, 1998. 

Hoogwijk et al. (2005) assume the biomass energy potential in Western Europe from energy crops, agricultural residues, forest residues and industrial biogenic residues to be of the order of 10000 PJ/year and 16000 PJ/year by 2050. The analysis is based on the IMAGE 2.2 model using the four scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), (Nakicenovic, 2000) as main assumptions for the included food demand and supply. 

We may differentiate between direct conversion of biomass into bioenergy (electricity and heat, solid fuels from biogenic wastes and residues, biogas, etc.) and biofuels. Catalysis has a minor role in the first case but is a critical element in the production of biofuels. However, notably, there are also potentially interesting developments related to bioenergy. 

Roden EE, Zachara JM (1996) Microbial reduction of crystalline iron(III) oxides influence of oxide surface area and potential for cell growth. Environ Sci Technol 30 1618-1628 Roden EE, Urrutia MM (2002) Influence of biogenic Fe(II) on bacterial reduction of crystalline Fe(lll) oxides. Geomicrobio J 19 209-251... 

Biogenic amines are of great interest to researchers because of their potential roles in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. They include dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), histamine, and trace amines such as 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, and tryptamine (Coutts and Baker, 1982). Although GC assays for DA, NA, and 5-HT are available, HPLC analysis with electrochemical detection has for many years now been the method of choice for analysis of these neurotransmitter amines. 

The activity of decarboxylase can be an indirect measurement of the potential for biogenic amine formation. A study by Middlebrooks et al. (1988)... 

Flick, G., Oria, M. and Douglas, L. (2001). Potential hazards in cold smoked fish Biogenic amines, J. Food Sci., 66(7), S-1088-S-1099. 

Reynolds BC, Frank M, HaUiday AN (2006) Silicon isotope fractionation during nutrient utilization in the North Pacific. Earth Planetary Sci Letters 244 431 143 Rice DD, Claypool GE (1981) Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 65 5-25... 

Acyl residues are usually activated by transfer to coenzyme A (2). In coenzyme A (see p. 12), pantetheine is linked to 3 -phos-pho-ADP by a phosphoric acid anhydride bond. Pantetheine consists of three components connected by amide bonds—pantoic acid, alanine, and cysteamine. The latter two components are biogenic amines formed by the decarboxylation of aspartate and cysteine, respectively. The compound formed from pantoic acid and p-alanine (pantothenic acid) has vitamin-like characteristics for humans (see p. 368). Reactions between the thiol group of the cysteamine residue and carboxylic acids give rise to thioesters, such as acetyl CoA. This reaction is strongly endergonic, and it is therefore coupled to exergonic processes. Thioesters represent the activated form of carboxylic adds, because acyl residues of this type have a high chemical potential and are easily transferred to other molecules. This property is often exploited in metabolism. 

Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Targeted screening for biogenic amine transporters Potential applications for natural products, Life Sci 78 512-518, 2005. 

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