Ethanol: biofuels 844 industrial fermentation

Biofuel industry Cellulases Ligninases Used to break down cellulose into sugars that can be fermented (see cellulosic ethanol). Use of lignin waste. 

Bioethanol produced from biomass resources by fermentation is the most promising biofuel and the starting material of various chemicals. Starch is a cheap, clean, nontoxic, renewable Ccirbon source for bioethanol production [1]. In the process currently employed for industrial-scale ethanol production from starchy materials, starch is first hydrolyzed by adding a liquefying enzyme, a-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), to avoid gelatinization and then... 

Producing ethanol as a biofuel from the sugars in corn (glucose) has become a major industry in the grain belt. This process can be summarized as follows, where glucose is fermented to form ethanol and carbon dioxide. Use bond energies to estimate ATT for this reaction. 

Advances in fermentation technology have been remarkable over recent decades, and many chemical compounds are produced in an industrial scale." Ethanol and lactic acid have been produced by fermentation for very long time. These two products are easy to obtain because they are the final products of each metabolic pathway. Fortunately, lactic acid is a monomer available for a biodegradable polyester, and ethanol is available as biofuel. Poly(lactic acid) (PEA) is a well-known polymer, whose physical properties are comparable to those of hard plastics produced from petroleum chemicals. The amount of industrial PEA production is increasing, and the application field of PEA is being extended. Much literature covers the properties, synthetic methods. 

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