Biofilms analysis

Gagnon, G.A. and Huck, P.M., Removal of easily biodegradable organic compounds by drinking water biofilms analysis of kinetics and mass transfer. Water Res., 35(10), 2554, 2001. 

The morphology visualization, adhesion and cohesive characteristics during biofilm analysis can provide a usefiil insight for fouling study in MBR. Only limited amounts of AFM analysis have been used on MBR surfaces however this technique has the potential not only to provide imaging but also local force/ rheological measurement of biofilm adhesion and structure. 

Manz, W. In situ analysis of microbial biofilms by rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probing. Methods Enzymol. 1999,310,79-91. 

Chen et al. [54] have reported a model for the assessment of the combined effects of the intrinsic reaction kinetics and dye diffusion into phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads. The analysis of the experimental data in terms of biofilm effectiveness factor highlighted the relevance of intraparticle diffusion to the effective azo-dye conversion rate. On the basis of these results, they have identified the optimal conditions for the gel bead diameter and PVA composition to limit diffusion resistance. 

General descriptors may be related to the metabolism responses in the biofilm. Biofilm algae have several mechanisms to counterbalance the damage caused by the toxicants. Environmental stress produces oxidative damage in the cells, which can be tracked down by means of the analysis of many enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, etc.) that function as effective quenchers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 

Characklis, W.G., W.C. Lee, and S. Okabe (1990), Kinetics and stoichiometry of planktonic and biofilm (sessile) sulfate-reducing bacteria, report of Inst. Biological and Chemical Process Analysis, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 

In addition to sampling in a sewer followed by analysis of specific components or use of a sample for further laboratory or pilot-scale experiments, a number of direct or indirect measurements must typically be performed in the sewer itself. Important measurements related to sewer process studies are DO, reaeration, biofilm characteristics and odor. 

Lazarova, V. and Manem, J., Innovative biofilm treatment technologies for water and wastewater treatment, in Biofilms II Process Analysis and Applications, ed. J.D. Bryers, p. 159-206, Wiley-Liss Inc., 2000. 

Yergeau E, Lawrence JR, Waiser MJ et al (2010) Metatranscriptomic analysis of the response of river biofilms to pharmaceutical products, using anonymous DNA microarrays. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(16) 5432-5439... 

Pratt, L. A., and R. Kolter. 1998. Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation Roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Molecular Microbiology 30 285-293. 

Lawrence JR, Wolfaardt GM, Neu TR (1998) The study of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy In Wilkinson MHF, Schut F (eds) Digital Image Analysis of Microbes. Wiley, New York, p 431... 

E. L Hostis, C. Compare, D. Festy, B. Tribollet, and C. Deslouis, "Characterization of Biofilms Formed on Gold in Natural Seawater by Oxygen Diffusion Analysis," Corrosion, 53 (1997) 4-10. 

These equations can be easily adjusted to reaction conditions, for example, replacing S with light intensity for photosynthetic reactions. A hybrid reactor, consisting of suspended biomass, as above, plus particles coated with biofilm, can be evaluated by segregating the two systems for separate analysis and then adding the two contributions. 

---