Biodiesel production biofuels

He, B., Van Gerpen, J.H., 2012b. Application of ultrasonication in transesterification processes for biodiesel production. Biofuels 3 (4), 479-488. 

Yang, C-y, Deng, X., Fang, Z., Peng, D.-R, 2010. Selection of high-oil-yield seed sources of Jatropha curcas L. for biodiesel production. Biofuels 1, 705-717. 

Pinzi, S., Leiva-Candia, D., et al., 2014. Latest trends in feedstocks for biodiesel production. Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining-Biofpr 8 (1), 126—143. 

Liquid biofuels in the form of ethanol and biodiesel products can be imported to a maximum of 30%, corresponding to a default case based on solely domestic biofuel supply. 

In conclusion, the economically competitive, non-subsidized production of liquid biofuels requires (a) the use cheaper and more reliable sources of renewable raw material (b) efficient conversion, with minimum waste, of cellulosic, fiber or wood-based, waste biomass into fermentable sugars (c) significantly improved efficiency of the production processes and (d) use by-products (e.g., glycerol in biodiesel production). Several of these aspects are discussed in details in various chapters. 

First generation bioethanol and biodiesel production, which mainly makes use of cereal grains and vegetable oils, represents a growing source of high quantities of protein as a valuable by-product. Sanders et al. (2007) estimated that a 10% substitution of fossil transportation fuels worldwide by first generation biofuels would result in an annual production of 100 million tonnes of protein - about four times the proteins requirement of the world s human population. A direct result of this would be the saturation of traditional protein markets. New opportunities would therefore emerge for chemical production from proteins. 

The Austrian Biofuels Institute currently maintains an ongoing database on the global biodiesel industry (49). Their current statistics reveal that most biodiesel is obtained from canola (low emcic acid rapeseed 84%) and sunflower (13%). European biodiesel production dominated world production in 2000 and Europeans have chosen canola oil as the mainstay for manufacturing biodiesel. However, recent facility constmction (50) and legislative action (51) in North America may lead to rapid increases in biodiesel production (Table 2). The State of Minnesota has passed legislation that mandates the inclusion of 2% biodiesel in all diesel fuel sold in the state (51). European and American biodiesel production is rapidly increasing. In 2000, U.S. production was just 22 ML (Table 3). 

A study commissioned by the International Energy Agency and carried out by the Austrian Bio-fuels Institute in the late 1990s identified 21 countries around the world in which bio-firel projects with a commercial objective have been implemented. The European Union still leads in research into biofuels and biodiesel production has also increased in the USA, with the most modem multi-feed-stock (MFS) biodiesel plant located in Kentucky. 

In the biofuels arena, the energy efficiencies of microwave and conventional heating have been compared in the preparation of biodiesel. To be viable, biodiesel production must be conducted on a very large scale and also must be energy efficient over the entire process. Calculations indicate that while microwave heating in batch... 

Yang, F., Hanna, M.A., and Sun, R. (2012) Value-added uses for crude glycerol - a byproduct of biodiesel production. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 5, 13. 

Tao, H., Guo, D., Zhang, Y, Deng, Z, and Liu, T. (2015) Metabolic engineering of microbes for branched-chain biodiesel production with low-temperature property. BiotechnoL. Biofuels, 8, 92. 

The worldwide consumption of soybean oil was 37.9 million tons in 2008, accounting for 28% of global vegetable oil usage [1]. It finds its way into several food appHcations such as cooking oils, salad oils, or margarines. Technical uses include additives for coatings. In the biofuels industries of the United States and Brazil, soybean oil is also the main feedstock for biodiesel production (almost 20% of soybean oil went into biodiesel in the United States in 2008 [7]). 

Pruvost J Cultivation of algae in photobioreactors for biodiesel production. In Pandey A, Larroche C, Ricke SC, Dussap CG, editors Biofuels alternative feedstocks and conversion processes, USA, 2011, Academic Press, pp 439-464. 

The modification and adjustment of vegetable oil and animal fat properties for biodiesel production can be developed using methods of transesterification, esterification, microemulsification and cracking (Knothe, 2005 Ranganathan et al., 2008). However, transesterification and esterification reactions have been the most commonly used methods by the biofuel industry as synthetic routes (Figure 1) (Robles-Medina et al., 2009). 

Schenk P, Thomas-HaU S, Stephens E, Marx U, Mussgnug J, Posten C, et al. Second generation biofuels high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. BioEnergy Res 2008 1 20. 

Jackson, R. (2007). The BHR Biofuels intensified biodiesel production route. Proceedings of the 15th PIN Meeting, Cranfield University, October. See www.pinetwork.org. 

Kawakami, K., Y. Oda, and R. Takahashi. 2011. Application of a Burkholderia Cepacia Lipase-Immobilized Silica Monolith to Batch and Continuous Biodiesel Production with a Stoichiometric Mixture of Methanol and Crude Jatropha Oil. Biotechnology for Biofuels 4 (1) 42. 

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